No abstract

Chemical characterization of groundwater is essential to bring out its nature and utility. Samples from shallow and deep ground water of the same locations were collected and studied for their geochemical characteristics. Sediment samples from different depths were collected and analyzed minerals using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) The resisitivity logging was carried out in the bore well to understand the variations in depth to fresh water potential. The shallow ground water is dominated by Na-Cl-HCO3-SO4 and deeper groundwater by Na-HCO3-SO4-Cl types. It is observed that there is a significant ionic variation with depth. The ionic strength of the deeper samples is lesser than shallower. Wide pH variations in the shallow water samples are due to ion exchange process. The thermodynamic stability plot was used to identify the state of stability. It is inferred that there is no major significant difference in the thermodynamic state of stability in the shallow and the deeper aquifers as the aquifer matrix for the shallow and deeper aquifers are almost similar. Saturation index of gibbsite, kaolinite, calcite, dolomite and anhydrite were studied for shallow and deep aquifers, to identify the difference in hydro chemical signatures. The Si/Al ratios of shallow samples are less when compared to the deeper samples. Leaching of secondary salts was the chief mechanism controlling the ground water chemistry of the region.

No abstract

No abstract

Der Alkohol (III) lagert sich in heißem Methanol in Gegenwart einer katalytischen Menge KOH in das Perhydrophenalendion (IV) um.

Globally, ravine landscapes are considered among the world's most degraded ecosystems. Restoring ravines is considered a high priority item in the conservation programmes, and tree establishment augmented with appropriate soil and water conservation measures is the most sought-after restoration strategy. This study examined the impact of terracing and trenching on runoff, soil loss, and soil properties along with Sapota (Achras zapota) growth, fruit yield, biomass and carbon stock during 6 years (2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015) in a degraded ravine land of Western India. The four soil and water conservation strategies tested were (1) bench terracing + Sapota (Bt),(2) bench terracing + Sapota with crop cultivation (BtCr), (3) continuous slope + Sapota (Sl), and (4) continuous slope + Sapota with trenches (SlTr). All conservation techniques increased Sapota height (Bt: 54%; BtCr: 27%; SlTr: 35%) and basal diameter (Bt: 36%; BtCr: 18%; StCr: 22%) compared to Sl. Biomass and carbon stock of Sapota were in the order of Bt > SlTr > BtCr > Sl. During the droughtperiod, fruit yield was highest in Bt followed by BtCr, SlTr, and least in Sl. The treatment SlTr and Bt reduced runoff by 16-34% and soil loss by 15-25%, compared to Sl. The growth and biomass were strongly correlated with soil loss. The findings suggested that bench terracing is the best soil and water conservation measure for restoring highly degraded ravines of Western India. Under circumstances where terracing is not feasible, trenching could be a significant step along with Sapota plantation to restore these ravines.

No abstract

No abstract