N- linked protein glycosylation is an essential co-and posttranslational protein modification that occurs in all three domains of life; the assembly of N- glycans follows a complex sequence of events spanning the (Endoplasmic Reticulum) ER and the Golgi apparatus. It has a significant impact on both physicochemical properties and biological functions. It plays a significant role in protein folding and quality control, glycoprotein interaction, signal transduction, viral attachment, and immune response to infection. Glycoengineering of protein employed for improving protein properties and plays a vital role in the production of recombinant glycoproteins and struggles to humanize recombinant therapeutic proteins. It considers an alternative platform for biopharmaceuticals production. Many immune proteins and antibodies are glycosylated. Pathogen’s glycoproteins play vital roles during the infection cycle and their expression of specific oligosaccharides via the N -glycosylation pathway to evade detection by the host immune system. This review focuses on the aspects of N -glycosylation processing, glycoengineering approaches, their role in viral attachment, and immune responses to infection. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11033-022-07359-4.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) ranks fifth among the world oil crops and is widely grown in India and neighbouring countries. Due to its large and unknown genome size, studies on genomics and genetic modification of peanut are still scanty as compared to other model crops like Arabidopsis, rice, cotton and soybean. Because of its favourable cultivation in semi-arid regions, study on abiotic stress responsive genes and its regulation in peanut is very much important. Therefore, we aim to identify and annotate the abiotic stress responsive candidate genes in peanut ESTs. Expression data of drought stress responsive corresponding genes and EST sequences were screened from dot blot experiments shown as heat maps and supplementary tables, respectively as reported by Govind et al. (2009). Some of the screened genes having no information about their ESTs in above mentioned supplementary tables were retrieved from NCBI. A phylogenetic analysis was performed to find a group of utmost similar ESTs for each selected gene. Individual EST of the said group were further searched in peanut ESTs (1,78,490 whole EST sequences) using stand alone BLAST. For the prediction as well as annotation of abiotic stress responsive selected genes, various tools (like Vec-Screen, Repeat Masker, EST-Trimmer, DNA Baser, WISE2 and I-TASSER) were used. Here we report the predicted result of Contigs, domain as well as 3D structure for HSP 17.3KDa protein, DnaJ protein and Type 2 Metallothionein protein.

The transcription factor selectively binds with the cis -regulatory elements of the promoter and regulates the differential expression of genes. In this study, we aimed to identify and validate the presence of GCC-box and TCC-box motifs in the promoters of upregulated differentially expressed genes (UR-DEGs) and downregulated differentially expressed genes (DR-DEGs) under anoxia using molecular beacon probe (MBP) based real-time PCR. The GCC-box motif was detected in UR-DEGs ( DnaJ and 60S ribosomal protein L7 genes), whereas, the TCC-box was detected in DR-DEGs ( DnaK and CPuORF11 genes). In addition, the mechanism of interaction of AP2/EREBP family transcription factor (LOC_Os03g22170) with GCC-box promoter motif present in DnaJ gene (LOC_Os06g09560) and 60S ribosomal protein L7 gene (LOC_Os08g42920); and TCC-box promoter motif of DnaK gene (LOC_Os02g48110) and CPuORF11 gene (LOC_Os02g01240) were explored using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations analysis including binding free energy calculations, principal component analyses, and free energy landscapes. The binding free energy analysis revealed that AP2/EREBP model residues such as Arg68, Arg72, Arg83, Lys87, and Arg90 were commonly involved in the formation of hydrogen bonds with GCC and TCC-box promoter motifs, suggesting that these residues are critical for strong interaction. The movement of the entire protein bound to DNA was restricted, confirming the stability of the complex. This study provides comprehensive binding information and a more detailed view of the dynamic interaction between proteins and DNA.

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COVID-19 is the current health challenge across the world. It originated in Wuhan, China, and has now spread to more than 180 countries. It is a zoonotic disease which spreads through droplets. The severity of disease is likely to end with the discovery of vaccines only. Researchers are repurposing drugs to fill the gap between COVID-19 and vaccine designing. Broad-spectrum antiviral drugs are preferred but they exhibit side effects. We have screened pentagalloylglucose present in Terminalia chebula which can prevent SARS-CoV-2 entry to the host cell. In this study, we have taken 8 active phytochemicals of Terminalia chebula which include gallic acid, chebulic acid, chebulanin, neochebulinic acid, ellagic acid, chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid, and pentagalloyglucose against spike proteins (S1 and S2), Replicase Polyprotein, 3C-like protease (3CL pro), Papain-like protease (PLpro), RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of SARS-CoV-2. HADDOCK online server, Discovery Studio Visualizer and PyRx Vina tools were used to screen the potential component from T. chebula. It was analysed that pentagalloylglucose can be a better phytochemical against spike protein S1 similar to hemagglutinin of influenza virus. This phytochemical can be further used as a drug against SARS-CoV-2.