Objective To evaluate the efficacy of primary in situ extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) for the treatment of ureteric calculi in children. Patients and methods The Wolf 2500 Piezolith was used to treat 63 children (aged 4 months to 12 years) with 76 ureteric calculi, including 10 children with impacted calculi. The calculi were located in 14 upper, 13 mid and 44 lower ureters, and the stone burden varied from 4 to 17.8 mm (mean 12.6). All children aged ≤10 years were treated under general anaesthesia; lithotripsy was attempted under intravenous sedation in the older children. Results At the 3‐month follow‐up, there was an overall successful outcome in 55 children (87%), which included 12 of 13, eight of nine (89%) and 35 of 41 (85%) of the children with upper, mid and lower ureteric calculi, respectively, and nine of the 10 with impacted calculi. Re‐treatment was required in 20 (36%) patients, while auxiliary procedures after ESWL were required in three (6%). The major complications encountered were ureteric obstruction with sepsis in two children, bacteraemia in another and urinary retention due to a urethral stone fragment in a fourth child. Conclusions In situ ESWL was an effective treatment modality for ureteric calculi at all levels in children, even when impacted. In the short term, complications were minimal, but the long‐term effects need further assessment.
INTRODUCTIONLichen planus (LP), which was first described by Jonathan Hutchinson in 1869, is a common chronic mucocutaneous inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology. It has characteristic clinical and pathological features affecting the skin, mucus membrane, nails, and hair. LP can present in many forms like actinic, annular, atrophic, erosive, follicular (lichen planopilaris), guttate, hypertrophic, linear, papular and vesiculobullous. Skin lesions are typically characterized by a white lace-like pattern (Wickham's striae) on papules, which is pathognomonic. Lesions may be confined to the mouth, or with minimal accompanying skin involvement, accounting for almost 15% of all cases.1 A clinically suspected case of LP may be confirmed histologically by a simple skin biopsy. ABSTRACTBackground: Lichen planus (LP) is a common chronic mucocutaneous inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology. Several editorials, chapters, studies have suggested an association between hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus (to a lesser extent) in LP. This association was not seen in various parts of the world including India. Methods: Patients attending the dermatology outpatient department with lichen planus confirmed by histopathologic examination were included in the study and along with clinic-epidemiological data, all the patients were tested for hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection. Results: A total of 84 patients of clinico-pathologically proven lichen planus were included in the study out of which 31 were males and 53 were females. The most common age group of lichen planus in our study group was 40-50 years. Major histopathological findings were basal cell degeneration (92.7%), hyperkeratosis (89%), pigment incontinence (73%) and lymphohistiocytic infiltration (70%). All patients in this study group tested negative for HBsAg and anti-HCV antibodies. Conclusions: Although numerous studies around the world have suggested an association between HCV and HBV infections with lichen planus-multiple subsequent studies including the present study shows contrasting results especially in this part of the world. The authors believe routine screening of lichen planus patients for presence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection is not warranted, particularly in Indian population.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.