Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are being heralded by governments and international organizations as a means of augmenting co-production of public services and a number of major initiatives are being rolled out around the world. In parallel to these activities, a body of scholarly work is emerging that investigates the extent to which ICTs enable, or, pose a barrier to, public service co-production. This paper performs the first systematic review of this emerging literature, and provides insights into the main structural and cultural factors which act as an enabler of, or barrier to, ICTenabled co-production across government and citizens worldwide. This is the post-print of the article "ICT-enabled co-production of public services: Barriers and enablers. A systematic review", by Judith Clifton, Daniel Díaz-Fuentes and Gonzalo
Evidence is mounting that individuals do not always behave as strictly 'rational' customers of the banking sector as neoclassical models of economics would assume. Instead, scholars and policymakers are increasingly arguing that behavioral economics offers a more useful and realistic means of understanding customer behavior in the real economy. Drawing on data from the first European Central Bank harmonized household survey at the European level and Eurostat, this paper develops a multilevel model to investigate how individuals actually save. We find evidence that loss aversion bias exists in saving behavior as regards an individual's current level of income, and that evidence of this effect is also supported at the country level. We also find strong evidence that socio-demographic factors and cross-country differences influence individuals' saving behavior. We argue that behavioral approaches canand shouldbe used to understand saving behavior of individuals, and that this insight should be used towards the ongoing quest to improve future banking practice and financial reform, particularly in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis. Policy Implications• Individuals' saving behavior responds more to declines than to increases in customers' current level of income. Therefore, policymakers should facilitate a framework in which losses become less salient, by prioritizing more the long-term benefits.• Findings show that loss aversion is smaller for those EU countries with a lower level of GNI per capita, such as Latvia, Hungary, Greece, Estonia, Portugal, Slovakia, and Cyprus. Incorporating evidence derived from EU countries into policy-making can help address the weaknesses associated with neoclassical approaches.• Individuals that are more educated, married and homeowners tend to save more than their counterparts. On the contrary, women, unemployed and individuals living in a large household tend to save less. Behavioral tools are especially recommended for individuals who are thought to be potentially 'vulnerable' customers.• EU countries such as Cyprus, Greece and Latvia exhibiting a smaller loss aversion are associated with negative saving rates.Financial policies which promote disclosure methods, such as targeting annual summaries, may be beneficial for customers in different EU countries to take their saving decisions.
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