We have described a new procedure for epiduroscopy with approximately 50% reduced outer diameter of the catheter, which allows interlaminar approach. Its diagnostic efficacy is clear and there were a significant number of patients who had improved outcome.

Failed back surgery syndrome refers to persistent back pain following back surgery. The optimal course of treatment for this syndrome varies according to the patient and the etiology of the pain. This study describes the application of a treatment algorithm for failed back surgery syndrome, focusing on the use of epiduroscopy, a novel technique that is useful for diagnosis and treatment of this syndrome. Diagnoses and treatment success after one year of follow-up are reported.

We conclude that pediatric gastroscopy is quicker and has fewer airway complications when performed through the ProSeal LMA than using nasal cannulae and a conventional approach by experienced users.

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