For several decades international migration is one of the most important issues of the global agenda which causes significant economic and social changes in both source countries and host countries of migration. The economic reasons of international migration can be analyzed with the Gravity Model effectively and elaborately. In this study, we analyze the economical determinants of immigration to the 20 OECD countries from Turkey over the 1960-2010 period with an augmented Gravity Model. Results of the analysis indicate that there is a positive correlation between the immigration from Turkey to OCED countries and GDP increases of OECD countries. On the other hand, rises in Turkey's GDP negatively affects the immigration to OECD countries. The increases of Turkey's population positively affects the immigration to OECD countries from Turkey while the increases in the populations of OECD countries negatively affect the immigration from Turkey. The previous immigrant stock of OECD countries has a positive effect on immigration from Turkey. And lastly, geographical distance between Turkey and OECD countries has a negative effect on the immigration from Turkey. In other words, immigrants from Turkey choose to migrate to closer countries and farther distances negatively affect the number of immigrants from Turkey to OECD countries.
Foreign trade has been a principal tool of the economic policies implemented in Turkey since the foundation of the Republic in 1923. In parallel with the significant developments in the national and global economies, several structural transformations occurred in foreign trade patterns and policies of Turkey. Political approaches varied from strictly protectionist trade regimes to semi-open models and free trade regimes. Previously implemented protectionist trade policies were abandoned in the 1980s for the current open economic policy based on export-led growth model. All these facts led to drastic changes in the composition of goods subject to both Turkey's exports and imports. This chapter examines the fundamental shifts and changes in Turkey's foreign trade by reviewing historical developments, and specifies the existing structural problems in Turkey's foreign trade by analyzing detailed trade data.
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