Since hydatid cyst can be found in all the body sites, it should be taken into account in the differential diagnosis of all cystic lesions.
In many cancers, mast cell density (MCD) in the tumor microenvironment is associated with tumor progression and, to a greater extent, angiogenesis. Our study was designed to investigate the correlation between MCD, tumor lymphangiogenesis, and several well-established prognostic parameters in breast cancer. One hundred and four cases of invasive breast carcinoma diagnosed in our clinic between 2007 and 2011 were included. Mast cells and lymphatic vessels were stained with toluidine blue and D2-40, respectively, and their densities were calculated in various areas of tumors and lymph nodes. The variables of MCD and lymphatic vessel density (LVD) were compared using prognostic parameters as well as with each other. As tumor size and volume increased, MCD increased comparably in metastatic lymph nodes; intratumoral and peritumoral LVD also increased. Lymphovascular invasion, lymphatic invasion, perineural invasion, and estrogen receptor positivity were positively related to intratumoral MCD. The relationship between peritumoral MCD and nontumoral breast tissue MCD was statistically significant. Stage was correlated with MCD in metastatic lymph nodes. Metastatic lymph node MCD and intratumoral MCD were also significantly related. Stage, lymphatic invasion, perineural invasion, lymphovascular invasion, and metastatic lymph node MCD were all correlated with intratumoral and/or peritumoral LVD. As nuclear grade increased, intratumoral LVD became higher. In breast carcinoma, MCD, depending on its location, was related to several prognostic parameters. Notably, mast cells may have at least some effect on lymphangiogenesis, which appears to be a predictor of tumor progression.
BackgroundLymphatic metastasis is the most important parameter in the spread of gastric carcinomas. Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule that plays an important role in inflammation and carcinogenesis. In this study, the possible link between inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression with lymphangiogenesis and the clinicopathological parameters of gastric carcinomas was investigated.MethodsIn this study, iNOS expression and D2-40 (lymphatic endothelium-specific marker monoclonal antibody) reactivity were examined immunohistochemically in 41 gastric adenocarcinoma and 20 non-neoplastic gastric tissues. iNOS expression was scored semiquantitatively in the tumor parenchyma and stroma. D2-40-positive lymphatic vessels were used in the determination of lymphatic invasion and intratumoral and peritumoral lymphatic vascular density.ResultsiNOS expression was higher in gastric carcinoma tissue compared with non-neoplastic tissue. Particularly, iNOS expression in tumor cells was found to be closely related to lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis. The density of lymphatic invasion as well as intratumoral and peritumoral lymphatic vascular density were positively correlated with lymph node metastasis.ConclusionsOur results suggest that iNOS-mediated NO formation plays an important role in gastric carcinogenesis, tumor lymphangiogenesis, and the development of lymphatic metastases. Inhibition of the NO pathway may be an alternative treatment of gastric carcinomas.Virtual slidesThe virtual slides for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1713572940104388.
Bu çalışmada endobronşiyal ultrasonografi eşliğinde transbronşiyal ince iğne aspirasyonu örneklerinde yeterliliği etkileyen faktörler değerlendirildi. Ça lış ma pla nı: Merkezimizde Mart 2011-Mart 2014 tarihleri arasında 822 hastadan (500 erkek, 322 kadın; ort. yaş 56±13 yıl; dağılım 16-83 yıl) edinilen 1700 endobronşiyal ultrasonografi eşliğinde transbronşiyal ince iğne aspirasyonu örneği retrospektif olarak analiz edildi. Tüm sitolojik materyaller ve işlem notları (lenf nodu veya lezyon boyutu, yerleşim yeri, iğne girişimi sayısı ve yayma preparat sayısı) gibi örnek yeterliliği ile ilişkili olabilecek değişkenler incelendi. Bul gu lar: Genel örnek yeterliliği %79.8 idi. Örnek yeterliliği iğne girişimi sayısı ile ilişkili idi (p≤0.001). Yeterlilik oranı tek iğne girişimi için %66.9, üç iğne girişimi için %85.8 idi. Yeterlilik oranları örneklem alma bölgelerine göre farklılık gösterdi [%69.2-%85.8; (p≤0.005)]. Subkarinal (7) lenf nodu istasyonunun çok değişkenli lojistik regresyon analizinde, hasta yaşı (göreceli risk oranı, 0.983; %95 güven aralığı, 0.966-1.000; p= 0.049) ve yayma preparat sayısı (göreceli risk oranı, 1.240; %95 güven aralığı, 1.062-1.448; p= 0.006) örnek yeterliliğinin bağımsız belirleyici faktörleri idi. Sağ paratrakeal (4R) bölge için örnek yeterliliğinin bağımsız belirleyici faktörleri lenf nodu boyutu (göreceli risk oranı, 1.486; %95 güven aralığı, 0.973-2.268; p= 0.067) ve yayma preparat sayısı (göreceli risk oranı, 1.418; %95 güven aralığı, 1.146-1.756; p= 0.001) iken sağ interlober (11R) bölge için lenf nodu boyutu (göreceli risk oranı, 1.594; %95 güven aralığı, 0.960-2.645; p= 0.071) ve iğne girişimi sayısı (göreceli risk oranı, 2.277; %95 güven aralığı, 1.360-3.811; p= 0.002) idi. Sol paratrakeal (4L) lenf nodu istasyonu için örnek yeterliliğinin bağımsız belirleyici faktörü iğne girişimi sayısı (göreceli risk oranı, 1.656; %95 güven aralığı, 0.955-2.869; p= 0.072) idi. So nuç: Endobronşiyal ultrasonografi eşliğinde transbronşiyal ince iğne aspirasyonlarında, özellikle yerinde hızlı değerlendirme yapılamadığında, lenf nodu yerleşim yerlerine göre yeterliliği etkileyen faktörlerin göz önüne alınması sitolojik değerlendirme için uygun nitelikte materyaller elde edilmesi şansını artırabilir. Anah tar söz cük ler: Yeterlilik; endobronşiyal ultrasonografi; transbronşiyal ince iğne aspirasyonu.
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