OBJECTIVE. The objectiveof this studywas to determinethe normal rangeof dimen sions for the liver, spleen, and kidney in healthy neonates, infants, and children.SUBJECTS AND METHODS. This prospectivestudyinvolved307 pediatricsubjects (169 girls and 138 boys) with normal physicalor sonographicfindingswho were examined becauseof problems unrelated to the measuredorgans. The subjects were 5 days to 16 years old. All measured organs were sonographically normal. At least two dimensions were ob tamed for each liver, spleen, and kidney. Relationships of the dimensions of these organs with sex, age, body weight, height, and body surface area were investigated. Suggested limits of normal dimensions were defined.RESULTS. Dimensionsof the measuredorganswere notstatisticallydifferentin boysand girls. Longitudinaldimensionsof all threeorgansshowedthe bestcorrelationwith age,body weight, height, and body surface area. Height showed the strongest correlation of all. This correlationwasa polynomialcorrelation.CONCLUSION. Determinationof pathologicchangesin sizeof the liver,spleen,andkid ney necessitates knowing the normal range of dimensions for these organs in healthy neonates, infants, and children. Presented data are applicable in daily routine sonography. Body height should be considered the best criteria to correlate with longitudinal dimensions of these organs. Sonography provides a quick as sessment of visceral organ di mensions without any risk of radiation. The normal range of visceral organ sizes in adults and children determined with sonography has been reported elsewhere [ Iâ€"¿ 13]. However, available data are limited for the liver and the spleen in children, which causes difficulty in defining hepatomegaly and splenomegaly sonographically. Our purposewas primarily to document the normal range of dimensions of the liver in children. The relationship of each dimen sion with sex,age, body weight, height,and body surface area was determined. A similar evaluation was done for the spleen and the kidney at the same time.We prospectively examined 307 pediatric sub jects ( 169 girls and 138 boys) with sonography. The rangeof agewasfrom full-termnewborns (5 days) to 16 years. Patients who did not have normal growth curves (who were not in the third to 97th percentiles)were not includedin the study.Another major criterion for selection of children was having no clinically or sonographically pathologic findings related to the studied organs. Most children were completely healthy. although some were undergo ing follow-up for a disease unrelated to the mea sured organs, such as hip dysplasiaor undescended testes. No child had a history of oncologic, hemato logic, or traumatic conditions. Some children with urinarytract infectionwereincludedin the study, butonly liverandspleendimensions wererecorded inthose patients. Wealsodidnotrecord dimensions of a number of spleens for which abdominal gas distentionpreventedreliablesize measurements.All measured organshada normalpositionandshape and normalecho texture.We used high-resolutio...

Highlights Coronovirus 2019 (COVID-19) infection induces cytokine storm causing mortality. Interleukin (IL)-18 is one of the key cytokines in the macrophage activation syndrome. IL-18 elevated in COVID-19 patients and might be a therapeutic target.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:While CT has found wide use in medical practice, it is also a substantial source of radiation exposure and is associated with an increased lifetime risk of cancer. There is an urgent need for new approaches to reduce the radiation dose in CT. In this regard, ASIR is an alternative method to FBP. We assessed the effect of ASIR on dose reduction in adult head CT.

This study showed that an increased FE(NO) level may be used for identifying patients with IBD who need further pulmonary evaluation.

Our findings may support the hypothesis that a humoral mediator-induced portal venous flow reduction causes perfusion changes in liver metastases from colorectal disease. However, an additional intrinsic hepatic hemodynamic event should also be present. Doppler perfusion index measurements can provide additional information in the evaluation of patients with colorectal liver metastases.