Background Bacterial vaginosis is a major cause of vaginitis during pregnancy and it results in complications like preterm labor and low birth weight. This may be as a result from excessive growth of anaerobic bacteria in the vagina where it either replaces or reduces normal vaginal flora. Objectives To detect prevalence, risk factors and clinical presentation of bacterial vaginosis among pregnant women in Sulaimani Maternity Teaching Hospital Patients and Methods A cross sectional, quantitative-non experimental descriptive design. Sampling technique used was non-probability convenient sampling. The data collection was carried out from 16th December 2016 to 16th April 2017. One hundred women were selected from labor ward and a high vaginal swab was used to obtain discharge from the vagina, then transfer it immediately to Pharma Gen laboratory. Bacterial vaginosis were confirmed by Nugent criteria. Results Prevalence of Bacterial vaginosis was 25%, it was more in the age group of more than 35 years. Most of them were secondary school graduates, housewives, barely sufficient in their economic status, living in urban and were female with 2-4 gravidity. No relation was found between abortion, and early neonatal death with bacterial vaginosis. Excessive vaginal discharge, pruritus, dysuria, white discharge, and fishy odor are common symptoms. Steroids, antibiotics and diabetes mellitus found to be risk factors. Conclusion One quarter of studied women were affected by bacterial vaginosis, common among multigravida and older age. Clinical feature of purities, excessive vaginal discharge, and fishy odor are highly characteristics of this infection. Diabetic women, prolong use of antibiotic or steroid found to be risk factors.
Background Urinary incontinence is a complaint involving the involuntary leakage of urine. It has a significant health problem with psychological, social and hygienic effects on the lives of both women and their families. Objectives The present study aimed to determine different types of urinary incontinence among married women, identify factors that affect this condition, and discover how urinary incontinence and related factors are correlated. Patient and Methods The study was carried out in a Urodynamic Center at Surgical Teaching Hospital in Sulaimani City. The present descriptive case-control study was carried out on a purposive sample of 100 incontinent women admitted to the Urodynamic Center, and 100 continent women admitted to the hospital with other symptoms. In addition, face-to-face interviews were conducted to collect required data through a questionnaire on risk factors for urinary incontinence. Results The prevalence of mixed urinary incontinence was 62% and was more in old age for both groups. The majority of the case and control group were housewives living in the urban and had no systemic disease. Age, educational level, parity, gravity, type of delivery, menopause, gynaecological exam, diabetes mellitus and hypertension were associated with urinary incontinence among cases, variables that significantly varied in the chi-square study. Conclusion Three-quarters of women are affected by mixed urinary incontinence. Age, obstetric history, types of gynaecological exam, menopausal state and types of delivery recognize as risk factors associated with the occurrence of different types of urinary incontinence among both groups.
Background Obedience to the excellent standards of nursing practice is the ultimate attitude to develop patient outcomes and avoid nursing process related-infections. Inserting the peripheral intravenous cannula is the utmost mutual aggressive technique achieved in nursing care for patients. Therefore, nurses must have adequate knowledge and practice to ensure the procedure’s success. Objectives To determine the peripheral cannulation technique evaluation among nurses working in the emergency departments. Methods This descriptive-analytical study was conducted at Maternity and Pediatric Teaching Hospitals in Sulaimaniyah, Iraq on 101 randomly selected nurses, from 14th December 2021 to 16th March 2022. Data collection was carried out through a structured interview questionnaire aimed to gather the nurses’ general characteristics and an observational checklist to assess the nurses’ pre, during and post practices regarding peripheral cannulation technique. Results According to general practice, 43.6% of nurses had an average level, 29.7% had a good level, and 26.7% had a poor level of practice in the evaluation of the peripheral cannulation technique. Our study also showed a positive association between socio-demographic characteristics of the studied samples with the overall level of practice regarding peripheral cannulation technique. Conclusions Nurses were not practised peripheral cannulation technique appropriately; however, half of the nurses’ had an average level of practice, although their practices were not followed the standard protocols.
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