Considering the inhomogeneous or heterogeneous background, we have demonstrated that if the background and the half-immersed object are both non-absorbing, the transferred photon momentum to the pulled object can be considered as the one of Minkowski exactly at the interface. In contrast, the presence of loss inside matter, either in the half-immersed object or in the background, causes optical pushing of the object. Our analysis suggests that for half-immersed plasmonic or lossy dielectric, the transferred momentum of photon can mathematically be modeled as the type of Minkowski and also of Abraham. However, according to a final critical analysis, the idea of Abraham momentum transfer has been rejected. Hence, an obvious question arises: whence the Abraham momentum? It is demonstrated that though the transferred momentum to a half-immersed Mie object (lossy or lossless) can better be considered as the Minkowski momentum, Lorentz force analysis suggests that the momentum of a photon traveling through the continuous background, however, can be modeled as the type of Abraham. Finally, as an interesting sidewalk, a machine learning based system has been developed to predict the time-averaged force within a very short time avoiding time-consuming full wave simulation.

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on the resistivity at room temperature. Possible explanation for the observed features of densities, porosity, dielectric constant and resistivity of the studied samples are discussed.

Tetrapolar Impedance Measurement (TPIM) is a 4-electrode impedance measurement system appropriate for a volume conductor in which current is driven through a pair of electrodes while potential developed across another pair of electrodes is measured to provide a value of transfer impedance. The 8-electrode Focused Impedance Method (FIM-8) consists of two concentric and orthogonal linear TPIM systems with their transfer impedances added for the purpose of localizing the central zone. Detailed 3D sensitivity studies are necessary for proper application of the techniques in specific biomedical applications and most reported work present point sensitivity distributions. The present work mainly focuses on planar average sensitivity in planes parallel to the electrode plane and its variation with depth due to different combinations of electrode separations -both for current drive pair and the potential measuring pair. This was obtained through finite element simulation using COMSOL Multiphysics software for a 40x40x40cm 3 volume. The results give useful information that can be used to design electrode configurations and measurement modalities for various applications.

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