No abstract

Hücrelerin çoğalması ya da proliferasyonu hücre bölünmesi üzerinden gerçekleşmekte ve hücrelerin iki yavru hücreye bölünmesi işlemi hücre bölünmesi olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Çoğu hücrede, hücre bölünmesi dört farklı aşamadan meydana gelmekte ve bu evreler sırası ile G 1 , S, G 2 ve M olarak adlandırılmaktadır, ek olarak gerekli hücre dışı sinyalleri almadıkları için bölünmeyen hücrelerin bulunduğu faz ise G 0 olarak adlandırılmaktadır.[1] G 1 , S ve G 2 evreleri birlikte interfaz olarak adlandırılır ve interfazda mitoz için gerekli hazırlıklar yapılır,

Wastewaters of several industries such as textile, leather or dye etc., contain dangerous and toxic compounds, even some of which are potential carcinogenics. Considering the volume and composition, wastewaters of the textile industry have much more polluting characteristics compared to other industries. Although treatment processes must definitely be implemented in point of environment and living organisms, many factories discharge their wastewaters to acceptor media without any treatment because of high costs. This study investigated zeolite and clay with high availability and low cost in wastewater treatment as more economically feasible alternatives to activated carbon. The wastewater treatment adequacy of zeolite-clay mixture was also investigated. We determined the optimum treatment time for heavy metal removal from the dye-containing wastewater samples as 6 hours. The mixture of clay+zeolite+activated carbon provided the highest removal of Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn compared to zeolite, clay, activated carbon, activated carbon+clay, activated carbon+zeolite and clay+zeolite.

Cuprizone, copper chelator, treatment of mouse is a toxic model of multiple sclerosis (MS) in which oligodendrocyte death, demyelination and remyelination can be observed. Understanding T and B cell subset as well as their cytokines involved in MS pathogenesis still requires further scrutiny to better understand immune component of MS. The study presented here, aimed to evaluate relevant cytokines, lymphocytes, and gene expressions profiles during demyelination and remyelination in the cuprizone mouse model of MS. Eighty male C57BL/6J mice fed with 0.2% cuprizone for eight weeks. Cuprizone has been removed from the diet in the following eight weeks. Cuprizone treated and control mice sacrificed biweekly, and corpus callosum of the brain was investigated by staining. Lymphocyte cells of mice analyzed by flow cytometry with CD3e, CD11b, CD19, CD80, CD86, CD4, CD25 and FOXP3 antibodies. IFN-gamma, IL-1alpha, IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, TNF-alpha cytokines were analyzed in plasma samples. Neuregulin 1 (Nrg1), ciliary neurotrophic factor (Cntf) and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (Cxcr4) gene expressions in corpus callosum sections of the mice brain were quantified. Histochemistry analysis showed that demyelination began at the fourth week of cuprizone administration and total demyelination occurred at the twelfth week in chronic model. Remyelination occurred at the fourth week of following withdrawal of cuprizone from diet. The level of mature and activated T cells, regulatory T cells, T helper cells and mature B cells increased during demyelination and decreased when cuprizone removed from diet. Further, both type 1 and type 2 cytokines together with the proinflammatory cytokines increased. The level of oligodendrocyte maturation and survival genes showed differential gene expression in parallel to that of demyelination and remyelination. In conclusion, for the first-time, involvement of both cellular immune response and antibody response as well as oligodendrocyte maturation and survival factors having role in demyelination and remyelination of cuprizone mouse model of MS have been shown.