Brevetoxin-B (BTX-B), produced by the red tide organism, Gymnodium breve Davis, is the first member of marine polycyclic ethers to be structurally elucidated and one of the most potent neurotoxins. The structural feature is a trans-fused polycyclic ether ring system with 23 stereocenters. Its unique, complex structure and potent biological activity have attracted the attention of synthetic organic chemists. Total synthesis of BTX-B has been accomplished via the coupling of the ABCDEFG and IJK-ring segments, each ether ring of which was stereoselectively and efficiently constructed on the basis of SmI2-induced intramolecular cyclization, 6-endo-cyclization of hydroxy epoxide, ring-closing olefin metathesis, and SmI2-induced intramolecular Reformatsky-type reaction. Several kinds of double reactions at the left and right sides were efficiently used through the synthesis.
The search for novel enzymes and enzymatic activities is important to map out all metabolic activities and reveal cellular metabolic processes in a more exhaustive manner. Here we present biochemical and physiological evidence for the function of the uncharacterized protein YihU in Escherichia coli using metabolite profiling by capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry. To detect enzymatic activity and simultaneously identify possible substrates and products of the putative enzyme, we profiled a complex mixture of metabolites in the presence or absence of YihU. In this manner, succinic semialdehyde was identified as a substrate for YihU. The purified YihU protein catalyzed in vitro the NADH-dependent reduction of succinic semialdehyde to ␥-hydroxybutyrate. Moreover, a yihU deletion mutant displayed reduced tolerance to the cytotoxic effects of exogenous addition of succinic semialdehyde. Profiling of intracellular metabolites following treatment of E. coli with succinic semialdehyde supports the existence of a YihUcatalyzed reduction of succinic semialdehyde to ␥-hydroxybutyrate in addition to its known oxidation to succinate and through the tricarboxylic acid cycle. These findings suggest that YihU is a novel ␥-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase involved in the metabolism of succinic semialdehyde, and other potentially toxic intermediates that may accumulate under stress conditions in E. coli.The search for novel enzymes is important to better our understanding of the metabolic systems of the cell. Although computational tools can be used to functionally annotate enzymes based on sequence homology, gene structure and expression, and prediction of enzyme-like domains, the identification of the exact physiological substrates remains difficult when sequence similarity to known enzymes is low (Ͻ60%) and requires experimental confirmation (1, 2). Consequently, many gaps remain in metabolic pathways even in the model microorganism Escherichia coli (3, 4). Moreover, the identification of dispensable enzymatic activities, such as metabolic bypass pathways or the characterization of enzymes that are expressed only under specific physiological conditions, is particularly challenging.The -hydroxyacid dehydrogenase enzyme family is a structurally conserved group of enzymes that include -hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and numerous uncharacterized homologs (5, 6). This enzyme family contains well conserved domains in its sequence that include a N-terminal Rossmann-fold characteristic of a dinucleotide binding site, a well defined sequence at the substrate binding site, and a conserved lysine residue proposed as a critical catalytic residue. This last specific structural feature has been proposed based on site-directed mutagenesis and x-ray crystal structures (6, 7). The E. coli K12 proteome appears to contain four -hydroxyacid dehydrogenase paralogs. The product of the glxR gene has been identified as tartronate semialdehyde reductase, catalyzing the NAD ϩ -dependent oxidat...
The C-glycosidations of glycal acetates 1-4 with allyltrimethylsilane 5, vinyloxytrimethylsilane 6 or isopropenyl acetate 7 using montmorillonite K-10 as an environmentally acceptable and inexpensive industrial catalyst under mild conditions proceed effectively to give the corresponding 2,3-unsaturated C-glycosides in high yields.
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