This paper presents the design of a technological framework for electronic voting (E-voting) systems in Nigeria. The traditional voting system with paper ballots used in the Nigeria electoral system is time consuming and in most cases marred with irregularities due to system and/or human errors. These irregularities usually results in inconclusive electoral decisions, violent arguments, and expensive litigations. Certain technologies and recently card readers with biometric authentication have been employed to achieve transparent polls. However, high level frauds still accompany results due to human control of these technological devices and have not generated the required trust resulting in a drastic decrease in voter participation. The framework presented here seeks to combine different e-voting technologies in a way that best suit the Nigeria electoral system in order to build trust and boost participation. The result is an automated polling system that requires minimum supervision with adequate transparency and accuracy of the voting process. The framework showcased how a cost saving real-time electoral procedure can be achieved, with the presentation of precise and accurate results at the end of any election.
Off-grid hybrid microgrid which combines power sources from different technologies based on the availability of such resources and the economic/environmental considerations is gaining global interest due to the unreliable nature of conventional power systems. This research seeks to obtain an optimal configuration and develop a simple energy scheduling algorithm for a modern market using PV/Battery storage/Diesel generator technologies. HOMER software was used in obtaining the optimal configuration and economic/environmental analysis. The development of the scheduling algorithm was done based on the concept of energy flow in an off-grid hybrid microgrid using MATLAB software. An estimated load of 389.79 kW and average daily solar irradiance of 164.09W/m2 was recorded for the study site. The simulation results yielded Net Present Cost (NPC) of $6,405,234.36 and $0.2414 Cost of Energy (COE). A Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission reduction of 42% was recorded for an off-grid system with solar renewable source. These clearly indicate that the use of optimized hybrid electrical energy resources with simple scheduling could greatly reduce both operational cost and environmental pollution.
Cyber-security of digital industrial control system in reality is complex and challenging research area, due to various interconnections of electro-mechanical related components driving national critical infrastructures. These networked system components performs monitoring and controlling tasks in several industries and organization through the access of Internet connectivity across the world. More recently, there are myriad of security threats and attacks by malicious elements on ICS which now presents a priority to organizations and researchers for optimal security solutions. Development of the Internet and communication systems has also exacerbated such security concerns. Activities of cyber-attacks malicious elements on ICS may result in serious disaster in industrial environments, human casualties and loss. This paper critically looks at the SCADA/industrial control systems, architecture, cyber-attacks. Other aspect of the paper examines current ICS security technologies including a computational secured algorithm for PLC
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