The external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of fluorescent light emitting devices are drastically improved by optimizing the charge balance. When N,N'-di(naphthalene-1-yl)- N,N'-diphenylbenzidine (NPD) is used as a hole-transporting layer (HTL) and Alq(3) as an electron-transporting layer (ETL) with the green dopant 2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1,1,7,7-tetramethyl-1H,5H,11H-10-(2-benzothiazolyl)quinolizino-[9,9a,1gh]coumarin (C545T), the EQE is observed to be approximately 3%. However, when the HTL and ETL materials are optimized, a 7.5% external quantum efficiency (EQE) in a green-emitting device and an 8.2% EQE in a blue-emitting device are achieved at 100 cd m(-2) .

A pyrene-containing single-molecule excimer-emitting compound, 1,8-bis(pyren-2-yl)naphthalene (BPyN), was synthesized. With BPyN as a host emitter, C545T-based green OLEDs were fabricated, exhibiting high efficiencies of 22 lm W(-1), 22 cd A(-1) and 6.2% external quantum efficiency (EQE) at 100 cd m(-2), and 19 lm W(-1), 22 cd A(-1) and 6.2% EQE at 1000 cd m(-2).