Immunity is an exemption conferred on a person in order to protect him from litigation or persecution. The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 as amended accords immunity to the president, vice-president, governors and deputy governors only. The import of this constitutional conferment is that no civil or criminal proceedings should be instituted against them while in office. This singular feature of the immunity clause emphasizes the functional necessity of the immunity which the constitution canvasses for these political office holders. A trial relating to any crime committed by any of them can commence after their tenure in office expires. This raises the issues that evidence against them might have been destroyed, prosecution witnesses may die before the trial commences and changes in the law can enable them to evade justice.
This article reflects on and appraises the recent preventive approach to terrorism which is of a varied nature and which has to do more particularly with the United Nations (UN) Security Council Resolution 1373. The resolution is relatively new, yet it shows the way forward in tackling the menace of terrorism. It clearly points out areas where efforts should be geared towards if the fight against terrorism would be won. This article appraises these areas of the Resolution with a degree of clarity to show the light in the dark tunnel of terror network so that there will be no hidden place for both terror and terrorists and this is done with the aim of calling the attention of the member states of the United Nations to the possibility of using the law to successfully curb or curtail international terrorism. Whereas in warfare force is matched against force, in lawfare law is matched against crimes (including terrorism). This is what lawfare, which is relatively a new concept of law, is all about. The methodology employed in this work relates to books, case laws and internet materials.
The increasing number of creators who publish their works has led to an increase in copyright violations and a pressure on copyright legislation. It is herein argued that as copyright becomes prohibitive, social norms, domestic cultural and economic diversity consideration as well as the values of the copyright holder tend to dominate so that using domestic norms to generate international norms would more easily permit attention to issues raised by new technology, and can thus supply the dynamism missing from classical public international law making. The generation and distribution of knowledge should conventionally be viewed as the central purpose of the grant of copyright protection. This is because copyright is an incentive that, properly calibrated, can positively affect the creation and availability of knowledge. Also, canvassed herein is the need for an upward review of copyright term to afford copyright holders and their heirs more time to reap the fruits of their efforts. Such review will at the same time boost the economy of a nation. The Private international litigation, if configured to reduce application of purely national norms, might make a beneficial contribution to internationalization in ways that are dynamic, more balanced, and more respectful of national differences. The Berne Convention must therefore, seek to balance two competing objectives: providing copyright protection on an international scale, and a respect for cultural and economic diversity. It is submitted that since the Berne Convention, the world has greatly changed giving rise to the need for an upward review of copyright duration. The purpose of the Copyright term extension is to ensure adequate copyright protection for copyrighted works by extending the term of copyright protection for at least an additional 20 years.
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