Groundwater resources in arid lands are crucial for supporting life. Thus, delineation of low land areas, where surface runoff accumulated during pluvial periods assists in groundwater explorations. Therefore, the drainage patterns in northeastern Niger using various sources of DEMs of optical (ASTER) and radar (SRTM) satellite data were extracted. These data reveal three palaeolakes in the Ténéré Desert. In addition, the DEMs together with the optical and radar satellite data were used to define a major watershed measuring 634,000 km 2 . This watershed may have led to the formation of one major palaeolake as an ancestor of the three palaeolakes. The latter extend to 11,514 km 2 , 17,571 km 2 and 18,453 km 2 . The optical and radar satellites images show that the boundaries of these three lakes have been modified by extensive longitudinal and transverse sand dunes of considerable thickness. These dunes accumulated during a much later arid episode in geologic time, probably during the late Quaternary. Prior to that, the former marshlands received water from the Tibesti Mountains of northern Chad, the Ahaggar Plateau of southeastern Algeria and the Air Mountain of northern Niger. The drainage patterns clearly show the pathway of water down to the ground level. The longest drainage line is emanating from the Ahaggar Plateau and extends south west for 837 km. The water overflow of the southernmost lake led to the formation of another distinct drainage line, leading to the southwestern edge of the ancestral Megalake Chad. This drainage line begins in the vicinity of the town of Fachi and extends southward through the town of Dillia as a single tributary, and is here named the Dillia Palaeoriver. These observations, which are based on the study of satellite data require geophysical fieldwork to ascertain the interpretations, and evaluate the potential for groundwater accumulation in the region.
Research entitled Comparative study of the teacher's digital competencies since the perception of students from four Senati locations, Lima-2020 was intended to establish the significant differences in digital competences between teachers of the different senati headquarters, located in Lima Metropolitana and Callao; the work followed the quantitative methodology, descriptive, comparative and explanatory level; the population was 4440 students with a random sample stratified of 354; the instrument was subjected to the reliability and validity of both content and construct. The main results established that at least two population means are different, as indicated by the p value (0,000) and F (11,819). Lima Cercado's headquarters were also shown to perform better compared to the other headquarters.
Landmines and other buried explosive devices pose in an immense threat in many places of the world, requiring large efforts on detection and neutralization of these objects. Many of the available detection techniques require the presence of chemicals near the soil-atmospheric surface. The presence of explosive related chemicals (ERCs) near this surface and their relation to the location of landmines, however, depends on the source characteristics and on fate and transport processes that affect their movement in soils. Fate and transport processes of ERC is soils may be interrelated with each other and are influenced by chemical characteristics and interrelated soil and environmental factors. Accurate detection of ERCs near the soil surface must, therefore, take into the variability of ERC concentration distributions near the soil surface as affected by fate and transport processes controlled interrelated environmental factors.To effectively predict the concentration distributions of ERCs in soils and near soil surfaces, it is necessary to have good understanding of parameters values that control these processes. To address this need, field lysimeters have been designed and developed at the University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez .This paper presents the design of two field lysimeter used to study the fate and transport behavior of ERC in the field subjected to varying uncontrolled subtropical environmental conditions in two different soils. Both lysimeters incorporate pressure and concentration sampling ports, thermocouples, and a drainage system. Hydrus-2D was used to simulate soil moisture and drainage in the lysimeter for average environmental conditions in the study for the two soils used. The field lysimeters allow collection and monitoring of spatial and temporal ERC concentrations under variable, uncontrolled environmental conditions.
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