Drought has become more common and severe in recent decades due to increased global changes in climatic conditions and anthropogenic activities thereby analyzing drought at both regional and local levels is crucial. And so, this study aims at assessing drought risk in Northern Nigeria using NDVI and SPI. Data used included satellite images (Landsat OLI-TIRS, ETM+, TM, and MSS) meteorological data, and gridded precipitation datasets (1975 -2016) from the Climate Research Unit (CRU). The drought index was calculated using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) for both short-term and long-term timescales with emphasis on drought magnitude, frequency, duration. The Mann-Kendall trend analysis was utilized on precipitation and SPI to investigate the trend changes. Results indicated that SPI dynamics over the region at varying timescales suggest the unpredictability of drought with longest drought duration were the severe and extreme drought (SPI ≤ − 1.5) was peaked at -3.12 severity that lasted 15months between 2007 and 2008. The worst drought magnitudes were more eminent in the longer timescale (SPI12months) with its peak of -70.8 that lasted 60months (5years) between 1984 and 1986. Similarly, drought intensity was observed between the mildly dry with SPI -0.47(1986SPI -0.47( -1991 and severely dry with SPI − 1.79 (1983SPI − 1.79 ( -1984 this further revealed that spatially drought risk is increasing southward. NDVI values obtained demonstrated a consistent decrease with a better state in 1975 which ranged between -0.31 and 0.63. 2016between -0.31 and 0.63. recorded lower values with a range between -0.21 and 0.47. NDVI minimum and maximum values were between -0.48 and 0.63 between 1975between -0.31 and 0.63. and 2016 while in 2016 highest of 0.47 was observed as the least maximum value with 1975 recording the highest value at 0.63. The results demonstrated that drought conditions within the Guinean-Sudano ecological zone of northern Nigeria are evident due to rapid unpredictable climatic changes and anthropogenic activities.
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