Analysis of EBV DNA in plasma samples was useful in screening for early asymptomatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma was detected significantly earlier and outcomes were better in participants who were identified by screening than in those in a historical cohort. (Funded by the Kadoorie Charitable Foundation and the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong government; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02063399 .).

Ageing workers can be found in almost all occupations. Assessment of fitness to work in these workers is important, as it aims to match their functional capacity (which is reduced compared to younger workers), to the demands of their work (which may remain the same as that for younger workers). This outcome of assessment is influenced by the interaction between functional capacity, state of health, the nature of work, and possibilities for work accommodation. The assessment of functional capacity should include physical, mental and social capacity, as well as assessment of any disability. In addition to clinical or laboratory measurements, several authors have suggested the use of a 'work ability index' for specific occupations as a practical means of selecting the appropriate worker for the job. This index can also be used for monitoring functional capacity. In addition, as for any fitness to work assessment, a good understanding of the nature of the work and the work environment is required, and possibilities for work accommodations considered. While changes in the work environment and working conditions can be made to suit the functional capacity of the ageing worker, the maintenance of functional capacity is another important issue. There is a place for a greater role for disease screening and health promotion for such workers.

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Lung cancer is the most common cancer and leading cause of cancer death. While targeted therapies have redefined treatment options for non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) with genetic aberrations such as epidermal growth factor and anaplastic lymphoma kinase, many patients do not harbour these oncogenic drivers. Cancer immunology has enabled the development of immune modulators that has dramatically altered the therapeutic landscape of advanced NSCLC. The success of immune-checkpoint inhibitors in pretreated NSCLC has led to the conduct of multiple studies exploring their role in the first-line setting. This article provides an overview of the evolving landscape of immune-checkpoint inhibitors with a focus on the programmed cell-death 1 (PD-1; pembrolizumab, nivolumab) and programmed cell-death ligand 1 (PD-L1; atezolizumab, durvalumab, avelumab) immune-checkpoint inhibitors as single agent or in combination with either chemotherapy or with another immune-checkpoint inhibitor in the treatment of NSCLC, the challenges faced, as well as future perspectives.