The implementation of synthetic dyes gives a better efficiency with higher durability; however, the production process of synthesizing these dyes is more complex, expensive, and involves the use of toxic materials. For these reasons, the production of such dyes can pose harm not only to humans but also to the environment. An alternative for the synthetic dyes is the natural dyes or pigment extracted from plants such as anthocyanin, carotenoid, chlorophyll and many others. These natural dyes are easily extracted from various parts of plants, such as from the fruits, flowers, leaves, and seeds. Regardless of the limited performance of natural dyes, the natural dyes exhibit advantages, including high absorption coefficients, highlight-harvesting efficiency, inexpensive, ecologically friendly, non-toxic, and are easily extractable. Moreover, this research paper is mainly focused on about extraction of anthocyanin dye pigments from Malabar spinach fruits for Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). The experiment was conducted using three different methods; extraction of anthocyanin pigments from Malabar spinach fruits: a.) using pure methanol solvent, b.) using 50% methanol solvent, and c.) using 50% methanol & 1% HCl solvent, and the resulted data were 160.81 mg/L, 64.62 mg/L and 77.65 mg/L respectively. It can be concluded that the extraction of anthocyanin pigments from Malabar spinach fruits using pure methanol solvent has the highest amount of extracted anthocyanin pigment, which is 160.81 mg/L.
Due to high demand in the industry field, fuel supply has been reduced due to overconsumption. Algae served as the most promising biofuels; Cyanobacteria is preferred as a material for producing biodiesel based on the comparative advantage. Cyanobacteria can produce high lipids profiles that can be used to produce biofuel or biodiesel. The present investigation aimed to identify the application of Cyanobacteria that have proposed lipid standards for the algae biofuel industry. Three main objectives are involved in these experiments: to isolate and identify different strains of Cyanobacteria, convert the lipid from microalgae into biodiesel through transesterification, and estimate the proposed lipid standard of Cyanobacteria for the algae biofuel industry. The microalgae involve isolated using a plankton net. The water sample is brought into the lab for the identification of Cyanobacteria. After the Cyanobacteria are identified, the Cyanobacteria undergo mass cultivation to ensure the biomass is enough for lipid screening. After lipid content is identified, the lipid in the Cyanobacteria is extracted and further transesterification process. The GC analysis showed the variation of fatty acid in this cyanobacterium, a saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acid. The study also revealed that hexadecanoic acid, pentadecanoic acid and pentadecanoic acid was found in Oscillatoria sp. Lipid screening can determine the quantity of lipid present in the Cyanobacteria to estimate the lipid content for biofuel production.
For many years, dye-sensitized sunlight cells (DSSC), which are feasible and have significant potential to harvest and convert light into renewable energy, have been the subject of serious research. DSSC is a great alternative for low-cost solar panels due to its simplicity in fabrication and acceptable efficiency. While synthetic dyes can produce higher efficiency, their production costs and complexity in synthesizing toxic chemicals that are harmful to the environment, people, and the environment present another problem. Therefore, several studies have focused on natural dyes extracted from plants (chlorophyll-anthocyanin, flavonoid and carotenoid) because of their advantages such as high absorption, low cost, no toxicity, eco-friendly and easy extraction. This review also highlights the development of dye-sensitized sun cells by using natural dyes as photosensitizers.
Rice is considered one of the staple foods in Southeast Asian countries, most especially in the Philippines. There are many factors needed to be considered in growing rice crops: the soil nutrient, the climate, the water supply, and the fertilizer used as a supplement to crop growth. But one important thing that farmers should consider is the infestation of pests, specifically the green leafhoppers, which is the primary carrier of tungro virus. This virus affects the growth and development of rice crops. This study aims to investigate the insecticidal effect of Bambusa vulgaris and Bambusa malingensis shoot and leaves extract against green leafhoppers (Nephotettix virescens). The extract was obtained by the decoction method. Phytochemical analysis of the two bamboo species has been carried out, as it was found out that both of them contains alkaloids, flavonoids, and glycosides. The results showed that both the shoot and leaves extract of Bambusa vulgaris and the shoot extract of Bambusa malingensis have potential insecticidal activity against Nephotettix virescens. Further research is needed to identify other factors that could strengthen the effectiveness of applying the extract to the insect specimen.
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