We analyzed data from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) from 21 countries to categorize smokers by stages of cessation and highlight interventions that could be tailored to each stage. GATS is a nationally representative household survey that measures tobacco use and other key indicators by using a standardized protocol. The distribution of smokers into precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation stages varied by country. Using the stages of change model, each country can design and implement effective interventions suitable to its cultural, social, and economic situations to help smokers advance successfully through the stages of cessation.
studies were conducted between 1990 and 2010, predominantly in middle-and high-income countries, although there has been an increase in the number of studies from low-income countries recently. HBV markers measured and definitions of HBV infection varied between studies; 146 studies reported specifically on prevalence of antibodies to HBV core antigen, and 90 reported prevalence of HBV surface antigen. Few papers reported age-or gender-specific prevalence estimates. Conclusions This is the first comprehensive review of the global prevalence of HBV in this high-risk population. Data quality and research methods, particularly HBV markers assessed, varied markedly. Better quality and more complete data are required to accurately assess the scale and significance of this public health problem.
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