No abstract

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Vocal fold leukoplakia (VFL) has a risk of malignant transformation. Therefore, patients can have symptoms such as dysphonia, vocal strain, difficulty breathing, and dysphagia. Additionally, there is a genetic predisposition that can be associated with genetic polymorphisms. We aimed to evaluate the influence of genetic polymorphisms and protein levels in the etiology of VFL. Our study followed the PRISMA checklist and was registered on PROSPERO database. The questions were: “Are genetic polymorphisms involved in the etiology of VFL? Are protein levels altered in patients with VFL?”. Eligibility criteria were case control studies that compared the presence of polymorphisms or/and protein levels of subjects diagnosed with VFL and healthy controls. Of the 905 articles retrieved, five articles with a total of 1038 participants were included in this study. The C allele of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP)-819 T/C IL-10 , A allele of the SNP -592 A/C IL-10 , CT genotype of the SNP rs11886868 C/T BCL11A , GG genotype of the SNP rs4671393 A/G BCL11A , LL genotype, and L allele of (GT)n repeat polymorphisms of the HO-1 were risk factors for VFL development. Nevertheless, there was a lack of association between VFL and the -1082 A/G IL-10 , rs14024 CK-1 , and -309 T/G Mdm2 SNPs. The concentrations of the MDM2, BCL11A, and HO-1 proteins were modified, while IL-10 levels were normally expressed in these subjects. In conclusion, most markers evaluated in this review could be potential indicators to develop effective therapies, avoiding a malignant transformation of the lesion.

Globally around 34 million children present disabling hearing loss. If unaddressed, hearing loss can negatively impact several aspects such as communication, cognition, language, and speech. Most needy people with hearing impairment do not have access to treatments and it’s a national and international public health problem. Meningococcal disease is caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitides, affects mainly children, can cause hearing loss, and is a global public health challenge. This study aimed to present the case report of a child who acquired meningococcal disease and bilateral profound sensorineural hearing loss in primary infancy. At the age of six months, the child acquired meningococcal meningitis and performed antibiotic therapeutics. Four years later, the audiometric evaluation detected hearing loss. At the age of seven years, the patient started speech language therapy sessions. At the age of nine years, hearing prostheses were provided by a hospital. At the age of ten, the child began to deny the use of hearing aids at home and school. Two years later, she started her studies at a special school where the deaf community is clearly present. At the age of fourteen, the patient became completely fluent in Sign language, stopping speech therapy sessions. The analyzed case demonstrated a lack of children’s surveillance by a multidisciplinary team and the relevance of following children’s guidance vaccination. It is required to provide adequate interventions for children with hearing loss, which can potentially aid them to develop their skills and to achieve a better quality of life.