The skin is the largest organ of the body and constitutes 16% of body weight. It provides the primary passage between the external environment and the body (Wickett and Visscher, 2006; Wato and Skazik, 2012). Human skin has many functions including protecting internal organs from physical and chemical trauma and ultraviolet rays, preventing microorganism entry and preventing dermal water and electrolyte loss (Bouwstra and Honeywell-Nguyen, 2002; Ramos-e-Silva and De-Moura-Castro, 2010). It also plays an active role in defence as a physical barrier -it is important to defend against the biochemical barrier consisting of lipids, acids, hydrolytic enzyme, antimicrobial peptides and the immunological barrier of humoral and cellular components of immune system (Proksch et al., 2008;Baroni et al., 2012). As well as ensuring an ideal site for the administration of therapeutic compounds for local and systemic effects, skin also offers a formidable barrier against the permeation of most compounds (Benson and Watkinson, 2012) with its three main layers. These are; the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis (Darlenski and Fluhr, 2012).Aging is a consequence of both genetic programming in the body and the occurrence of cumulative environmental effects on the skin. The skin is the first organ where signs of aging are observed (Ünlü and Erdem, 2010). Aging processes happen at intrinsically different rates depending on genetic regulation, toxicity of some products on metabolism and repair (Yazan et al., 2016). The factors which have an important role in aging can be divided into four basic categories: biological (genetically determined and unchangeable), environmental (exposure to sunlight, pollution or nicotine), mechanical aging (recurrent muscle movements), and miscellaneous factors such as diet, morbidity, sleep patterns, and mental health (Farage et al., 2007). ABSTRACTSkin aging is an inevitable process and the highest contributing factor to this process is the effect of ultraviolet rays. However, nutrients, dry skin, smoking, hormones and gravity are also other important factors. Skin aging is classified as intrinsic (chronological) and extrinsic (photo-aging). Generally, in aged skin, effects such as thinning, loss of elasticity, spotting, wrinkles and sagging are observed.There are various approaches to preventing skin aging. The most widely used age combating substances in cosmeceuticals are kinetin, retinoids, sun filters, herbal ingredients (such as resveratrol, turmeric, and green tea), and antioxidants (such as alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, coenzyme Q10 and lipoic acid). In recent years, these molecules have been formulated as nanosized carriers such as vesicular systems, polymeric and lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, dendrimers, and fullerenes. Novel carrier systems have a lot of advantages when compared to conventional formulations. In this review, an overview of cosmetic, product-oriented solutions for skin aging is given and different approaches to combat aging are summarized.
Purpose: To investigate the impact of critical quality attributes (CQAs) and critical process parameters (CPPs) on quality target product profile (QTPP) attributes of orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) containing ondansetron (OND) using two artificial neural network (ANN) programs. Methods: Different amounts of two different commercial superdisintegrants commonly used in ODT formulations (Ludiflash® and Parteck®) were examined as CQAs, while three different tablet-pressing forces were evaluated as CPPs for an orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) formulation. The impact of CQAs, and CPPs on the target product profile (tablet hardness, friability and disintegration time) were analysed using gene expression programming (GEP) and neuro-fuzzy logic (NFL) models. Results: NFL model defined the relations between
Biotechnological drug development is an extensive area still growing and coming into prominence day by day. Since biotechnological product manufacturing is irreversible, highly expensive, and contains so many critical parameters throughout the process, quality control tests applied to the finished product become inefficacious; therefore, maintaining predefined quality is crucial. Quality by Design (QbD), a systematic approach, is designing and optimizing of formulation and production processes in order to provide a predefined product quality by following a risk and scientific-based path. Determining the critical variables for biotechnological products and their manufacturing via risk assessment is the first and most vital stage of QbD approach, before exploring the multivariate relations among the independent and dependent critical variables by mathematical modeling with the assistive technologies. Response Surface Method (RSM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Genetic Algorithm (GA) are some of the assistive technologies used to perform mathematical modeling. After modeling, additional knowledge is vested and this provides the chance to find a range in which the product quality is always ensured, called as "Design space". So, product quality is procured all along the process by keeping the critical variables under control with less effort, money, and mistakes.
The aim of the study was to prepare and evaluate the potential use of poly(lactic acid)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PLA/PVA) nanoparticle formulations as a drug delivery system. The nanoparticle formulations were successfully developed by the double emulsification/solvent evaporation method. The developed formulations were optimized using the quality by design approach of the ICH Q8 (Pharmaceutical Development) guideline. In the studies, the effects of emulsifying devices, evaporation technique, centrifugation effect, and polymer concentrations on the physicochemical parameters of the formulations were investigated to obtain the best results. Furthermore, the prepared formulations were evaluated for clarity, particle size, distribution, zeta potential, surface and morphological features, preparation efficiency, and long-term stability. Based on the obtained results, the nanoparticle formulation containing 12.5% PLA, 1% primer, and seconder PVA has a suitable particle size (181.7 ± 2.194 nm) and distribution (0.104 ± 0.049), zeta potential (−0.88 ± 0.45 mV), and high preparation efficiency (65.38%), and nanoparticles were spherical, had a smooth surface, and were stable up to 12 months. In conclusion, this novel formulation can be used as a potential drug delivery system.
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