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Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) are increasingly involved as a major mechanism of resistance to carbapenems in relevant opportunistic Gram-negative pathogens. Unfortunately, clinically efficient MBL inhibitors still represent an unmet medical need. We previously reported several series of compounds based on the 1,2,4-triazole-3-thione scaffold. In particular, Schiff bases formed between diversely 5-substituted-4-amino compounds and 2-carboxybenzaldehyde were broad-spectrum inhibitors of VIM-type, NDM-1 and IMP-1 MBLs. Unfortunately, these compounds were unable to restore antibiotic susceptibility of MBL-producing bacteria, probably because of poor penetration and/or susceptibility to hydrolysis. To improve their microbiological activity, we synthesized and characterized compounds where the hydrazone-like bond of the Schiff base analogues was replaced by a stable ethyl link. This small change resulted in a narrower inhibition spectrum, as all compounds were poorly or not inhibiting NDM-1 and IMP-1, but showed a significantly better activity on VIM-type enzymes, with K i values in the μM to sub-μM range. The resolution of the crystallographic structure of VIM-2 in complex with one of the best inhibitors yielded valuable information about their binding mode. Interestingly, several compounds were shown to restore the β-lactam susceptibility of VIM-type-producing E. coli laboratory strains and also of K. pneumoniae clinical isolates. In addition, selected compounds were found to be devoid of toxicity toward human cancer cells at high concentration, thus showing promising safety.

The diazabicyclooctanes (DBOs) are a class of serine β-lactamase (SBL) inhibitors that use a strained urea moiety as the warhead to react with the active serine residue in the active site of SBLs. The first in-class drug, avibactam, as well as several other recently approved DBOs (e.g., relebactam) or those in clinical development (e.g., nacubactam and zidebactam) potentiate activity of β-lactam antibiotics, to various extents, against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) carrying class A, C, and D SBLs; however, none of these are able to rescue the activity of β-lactam antibiotics against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB), a WHO “critical priority pathogen” producing class D OXA-type SBLs. Herein, we describe the chemical optimization and resulting structure–activity relationship, leading to the discovery of a novel DBO, ANT3310, which uniquely has a fluorine atom replacing the carboxamide and stands apart from the current DBOs in restoring carbapenem activity against OXA-CRAB as well as SBL-carrying CRE pathogens.

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Thymidylate synthase (TS) is an enzyme of paramount importance as it provides the only de novo source of deoxy-thymidine monophosphate (dTMP). dTMP, essential for DNA synthesis, is produced by the TS-catalyzed reductive methylation of 2′-deoxyuridine-5′-monophosphate (dUMP) using N5,N10-methylenetetrahydrofolate (mTHF) as a cofactor. TS is ubiquitous and a validated drug target. TS enzymes from different organisms differ in sequence and structure, but are all obligate homodimers. The structural and mechanistic differences between the human and bacterial enzymes are exploitable to obtain selective inhibitors of bacterial TSs that can enrich the currently available therapeutic tools against bacterial infections. Enterococcus faecalis is a pathogen fully dependent on TS for dTMP synthesis. In this study, we present four new crystal structures of Enterococcus faecalis and human TSs in complex with either the substrate dUMP or the inhibitor FdUMP. The results provide new clues about the half-site reactivity of Enterococcus faecalis TS and the mechanisms underlying the conformational changes occurring in the two enzymes. We also identify relevant differences in cofactor and inhibitor binding between Enterococcus faecalis and human TS that can guide the design of selective inhibitors against bacterial TSs.

The use of light-responsive proteins to control both living or synthetic cells, is at the core of the expanding fields of optogenetics and synthetic biology. It is thus apparent that a richer reaction toolbox for the preparation of such systems is of fundamental importance. Here, we provide a proof-of-principle demonstration that Morita-Baylis-Hillman adducts can be employed to perform a facile site-specific, irreversible and diastereoselective click-functionalization of a lysine residue buried into a lipophilic binding pocket and yielding an unnatural chromophore with an extended π-system. In doing so we effectively open the path to the in vitro preparation of a library of synthetic proteins structurally reminiscent of xanthopsin eubacterial photoreceptors. We argue that such a library, made of variable unnatural chromophores inserted in an easyto-mutate and crystallize retinoic acid transporter, significantly expand the scope of the recently introduced rhodopsin mimics as both optogenetic and "lab-on-a-molecule" tools.

Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) contribute to the resistance of Gram-negative bacteria to carbapenems, last-resort antibiotics at hospital, and MBL inhibitors are urgently needed to preserve these important antibacterial drugs. Here, we describe a series of 1,2,4-triazole-3-thione-based inhibitors displaying an αamino acid substituent, which amine was mono-or disubstituted by (hetero)aryl groups. Compounds disubstituted by certain nitrogencontaining heterocycles showed submicromolar activities against VIM-type enzymes and strong NDM-1 inhibition (K i = 10−30 nM). Equilibrium dialysis, native mass spectrometry, isothermal calorimetry (ITC), and X-ray crystallography showed that the compounds inhibited both VIM-2 and NDM-1 at least partially by stripping the catalytic zinc ions. These inhibitors also displayed a very potent synergistic activity with meropenem (16-to 1000-fold minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) reduction) against VIM-type-and NDM-1-producing ultraresistant clinical isolates, including Enterobacterales and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Furthermore, selected compounds exhibited no or moderate toxicity toward HeLa cells, favorable absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) properties, and no or modest inhibition of several mammalian metalloenzymes.