Bequeme Routine: Mehrlagige dünne Polymerfilme wurden durch Elektrophorese auf in Agarose immobilisierten Partikeln angeordnet. Anschließendes Entfernen des Kerns führte zu robusten Kapseln mit unterschiedlichen Polymerzusammensetzungen (siehe Fluoreszenzbild). Dieser Ansatz ermöglicht den vielseitigen und routinemäßigen Aufbau von nano‐ und mikroskaligen Kapseln sowie beschichteten Partikeln in sehr wenigen Prozessschritten.

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Beauvericin (BEA) is a mycotoxin produced by Beauveria bassiana and Fusarium species recently reported as toxic on porcine oocyte maturation and embryo development. The aim of this study was to assess, in the juvenile sheep, whether its effects are due to alterations of oocyte and/or embryo bioenergetic/oxidative status.Cumulus-oocyte-complexes (COCs) were exposed to BEA during in vitro maturation (IVM), evaluated for cumulus cell (CC) apoptosis, oocyte maturation and bioenergetic/oxidative status or subjected to in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo culture (IVEC). Oocyte nuclear maturation and embryo development were assessed after Hoechst staining and CC apoptosis was analysed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-End labeling assay and chromatin morphology after Hoechst staining by epifluorescence microscopy. Oocyte and blastocyst bioenergetic/ oxidative status were assessed by confocal microscopy after mitochondria and reactive oxygen species labelling with specific probes. BEA showed various toxic effects, that is, short-term effects on somatic and germinal compartment of the COC (CCs and the oocyte) and long-term carry-over effects on developing embryos. In detail, at 5 µM, it significantly reduced oocyte maturation and immature oocytes showed increased late-stage (Type C) CC apoptosis and DNA fragmentation while matured oocytes showed unaffected CC viability but abnormal mitochondrial distribution patterns. At lower tested concentrations (3-0.5 µM), BEA did not affect oocyte maturation, but matured oocytes showed reduced mitochondrial activity. At low concentrations, BEA impaired embryo developmental capacity and blastocyst quality after IVF and IVEC. In conclusion, in the juvenile sheep, COC exposure to BEA induces CC apoptosis and oocyte mitochondrial dysfunction with negative impact on embryo development.

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In a recent report (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2014, 30,\ud 6583) we emphasized the importance of addressing research\ud efforts in OPV-active materials toward synthetic processes\ud scalable up to industrial production. In this context, palladiumcatalyzed\ud direct (hetero)arylation polymerization (DHAP) can\ud be a suitable approach to reduce the number of reaction steps\ud and to avoid the use of toxic reagents in the synthesis of donor\ud polymers. Random donor−acceptor copolymers have been\ud shown to be promising materials for bulk heterojunction\ud (BHJ) solar cells with high efficiencies and increased thermal\ud stability. We report here the synthesis by DHAP of a ternary\ud double-acceptor/donor random copolymer including benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole and benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole as the accepting\ud units and benzo[1,2-b;4,5-b′]dithiophene as the donor moiety. The results are discussed in comparison with the synthesis of the\ud same polymer via the Stille polymerization. The coupling products formed in the early stage of the polycondensation have been\ud isolated and characterized by NMR spectroscopy to gain insight into the regiochemistry of DHAP. The polymers synthesized\ud have been tested in BHJ solar cells with PC71BM as the electron acceptor material. Power conversion efficiencies (up to 2.8%)\ud are comparable or lower (depending on the processing conditions) than those of the same polymer synthesized via the Stille\ud coupling reaction; however, the DHAP protocol is more convenient in terms of synthetic complexity

Pd(PPh3)4-catalyzed direct (hetero)arylation polymerization (DHAP) affords PBDTTPD in higher molar mass than Stille coupling. PDHAP-based solar cells display PCE up to 5.3%.

We report herein general synthetic routes to novel TEG-functionalized DPP-based co-polymers (TEG = triethylene glycol; DPP = diketopyrrolopyrrole) that display alternating TEG-substituted DPP moieties with various functionalized donor units; donor units contain moieties such as polythiophene segments decorated with thermocleavable tertiary esters or additional TEG chains and alkoxy-substituted benzodithiophenes. The synthetic approaches are based on Stille coupling chemistry or, for the first time for TEG-substituted DPP-based polymers, on direct heteroarylation polymerizations. Spectroscopic and electrochemical characterization as well as preliminary tests in photovoltaic cells are also reported