Benazepril provides protection against the progression of renal insufficiency in patients with various renal diseases.

Although reverse causation cannot be excluded with certainty, a systolic blood pressure goal between 110 and 129 mm Hg may be beneficial in patients with urine protein excretion greater than 1.0 g/d. Systolic blood pressure less than 110 mm Hg may be associated with a higher risk for kidney disease progression.

Antihypertensive regimens that include ACE inhibitors are more effective than regimens without ACE inhibitors in slowing the progression of nondiabetic renal disease. The beneficial effect of ACE inhibitors is mediated by factors in addition to decreasing blood pressure and urinary protein excretion and is greater in patients with proteinuria. Angiotensin-converting inhibitors are indicated for treatment of nondiabetic patients with chronic renal disease and proteinuria and, possibly, those without proteinuria.

The kinetics of the pyrolysis of lignocellulosic materials was studied with a view of providing simple kinetic models for engineering purposes. Experimental data obtained by means of thermal analysis techniques suggest that the pyrolysis of fine particles (below 1 mm) can be considered to be controlled by pyrolysis kinetics. The rate of pyrolysis of one biomass type can be represented by the sum of the corresponding rates of the main biomass components (cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose). The kinetics of each of these components was simulated by a kinetic scheme capable of predicting the pyrolysis rate and the final weight-loss for a wide range of pyrolysis parameters including various heating conditions. On a étudié la cinétique de la pyrolyse de matériaux lignocellulosiques dans le but de fournir des modèles cinétiques simples à des fins d'ingénierie. Des données expérimentales obtenues par le biais de techniques d'analyse thermique permettent de croire que la pyrolyse de particules fines (au-dessous de 1 mm) peut ětre contrǒlée par la cinétique de pyrolyse. La vitesse de pyrolyse d'une biomasse donnée peut ětre représentée par la somme des vitesses correspondantes des composants de biomasse principaux (cellulose, lignine, hèmicellulose). La cinétique de chacun de ces composants a été simulée par un schéma cinétique capable de prédire la vitesse de pyrolyse et la perte de poids finale pour un large éventail de paramètres de pyrolyse, y compris de conditions variées de chauffe

The present work provides a rationally‐based model to describe the pyrolysis of a single solid particle of biomass. As the phenomena governing the pyrolysis of a biomass particle are both chemical (primary and secondary reactions) and physical (mainly heat transfer phenomena), the presented model couples heat transport with chemical kinetics. The thermal properties included in the model are considered to be linear functions of temperature and conversion, and have been estimated from literature data or by fitting the model with experimental data. The heat of reaction has been found to be represented by two values: one endothermic, which prevails at low conversions and the other exothermic, which prevails at high conversions. Pyrolysis phenomena have been simulated by a scheme consisting of two parallel reactions and a third reaction for the secondary interactions between charcoal and volatiles. The model predictions are in agreement with experimental data regarding temperature and mass‐loss histories of biomass particles over a wide range of pyrolysis conditions.

In haemodialysis patients on maintenance erythropoietin, Hypo >6% is the best currently available marker to identify those who will improve their response after intravenous iron. Cost-effectiveness suggests that this parameter should be a first-line tool to monitor iron requirements in clinical practice.

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