The urban contexts that we live today are often the result of a stratification spontaneously followed over time, incorporating buildings in use in ancient times but abandoned as a result of the historical and cultural evolution of the city. This situation is very frequent in many historical centers, where archaeological buildings are located below the modern urban plan. An exemplary case of this situation is given by the Roman amphitheater of Catania. It was covered and used as a substructure for the new plan steal and for the buildings rebuilt after the earthquake of 1693 that destroyed the city. These reconversions of ancient structures cause several conservative problems, often difficult to understand and which must be investigated in an interdisciplinary way to understand their origins and solve them. The complexity of urban systems requires an inevitable multidisciplinary approach that combines archival analysis, historical, archaeological analysis, diagnostics, architectural, plant engineering and urban. This research aims to show, in particular, how the part of historical analysis of archival type can be a useful diagnostic survey tool to be applied in multi-layered contexts, through the example of the Roman amphitheater of Catania which today is in a precarious state of conservation and accessibility that requires intervention. This work was carried out by studying the administrative documentation of the 19th century produced by responsables for the protection of the historical buildings of Catania, kept at the State Archive of Catania, and allowed to understand the conservative events of the heritage architectures and to deepen the knowledge of the causes of the degradation that today the monument undergoes, demonstrating how such problems have a long history never radically resolved.
BackgroundNon-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) and Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL) are two of the most common hematologic diseases that require an infusion of immunochemotherapies in conjunction with radiotherapy, often in an outpatient setting. For relapsed/refractory disease, autologous peripheral hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and sometimes allogeneic transplantation (HSCT) are considered standard treatment options. Recently, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells and bispecific antibodies have emerged as an important and effective option for the treatment of relapsed/refractory patients. These medical approaches deserve effective, safe, and durable vascular access, especially for the ambulatory population undergoing discontinuous treatment associated with high rates of complications and life-threatening toxicities. Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) are vascular devices with an intermediate-to-long-term lifespan that are inserted ultrasonically into a peripheral brachial vein. Their ease of insertion by trained nurses and low rate of catheter-related infectious and thrombotic complications make them ideal devices for treating oncology and hematology patients.PurposeIn this study, we aim to demonstrate that PICCs are an essential tool for the treatment of HL and NHL patients in terms of efficiency and safetyMethods and resultsFrom March 2007 to June 2020, 316 PICC implantations were performed by our PICC team in 276 HL patients and 363 PICC in 322 NHL patients. The total lifespan of the PICCs was 50,660 days in HL and 43,919 days in NHL patients. Most PICCs were removed at the end of therapy, and the rate of mechanical complications was low. Only one and four episodes of confirmed PICC-related catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) (0.3%; 0.02/1,000 days/PICC and 1.2%; 0.07/1,000 days/PICC) were recorded in HL and NHL patients, respectively. There were only 11 (3.6%; 0.25/1,000 days/PICC) and nine (2.6%; 0.17/1,000 days/PICC) episodes of symptomatic PICC-related thrombotic complications in HL and NHL patients, respectively, without removal.ConclusionOur data indicate that the PICC can be considered the device of choice for treating HL and NHL patients because it is easy to insert, safe to use, long-lasting, and has a low complication rate, especially in the outpatient setting.
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