Organic and low-input food systems are emerging worldwide in answer to the sustainability crisis of the conventional agri-food sector. “Alternative” systems are based on local, decentralized approaches to production and processing, regarding quality and health, and short supply-chains for products with strong local identities. Diversity is deeply embedded in these food systems, from the agrobiodiversity grown in farmers’ fields, which improves resilience and adaptation, to diverse approaches, contexts and actors in food manufacturing and marketing. Diversity thus becomes a cross-sectoral issue which acknowledges consumers’ demand for healthy products. In the framework of the European project “CERERE, CEreal REnaissance in Rural Europe: embedding diversity in organic and low-input food systems”, the paper aims at reviewing recent research on alternative and sustainable food systems by adopting an innovative and participatory multi-actor approach; this has involved ten practitioners and twenty-two researchers from across Europe and a variety of technical backgrounds in the paper and analysis stages. The participatory approach is the main innovation and distinctive feature of this literature review. Partners selected indeed what they perceived as most relevant in order to facilitate a transition towards more sustainable and diversity based cereal systems and food chains. This includes issues related to alternative food networks, formal and informal institutional settings, grass root initiatives, consumer involvement and, finally, knowledge exchange and sustainability. The review provides an overview of recent research that is relevant to CERERE partners as well as to anyone interested in alternative and sustainable food systems. The main objective of this paper was indeed to present a narrative of studies, which can form the foundation for future applied research to promote alternative methods of cereal production in Europe.

Recently, a large and growing body of literature has investigated the health potential of different wheat species. In particular, a considerable number of studies dealing with nutritional aspects has grown up around the theme of the recovery of ancient wheat varieties (species that have remained unchanged over the last hundred years). According to several studies, indeed, ancient varieties present a healthier nutritional profile than modern ones. In the framework of the European project “CERERE, CEreal REnaissance in Rural Europe: embedding diversity in organic and low-input food systems”, this paper aimed to review recent research on the issue of health and nutritional cereal systems by adopting an innovative and participatory multi-actor approach which involved practitioners along with researchers. The participatory approach is the main innovation and peculiarity of this literature review. Nevertheless, the review highlights the many positive effects derived from eating whole and ancient grains such as a significant reduction in the risk of chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and also a more favorable long-term weight management and increase in satiety. This review may be considered as a fruitful starting point that integrates research results to foster current and future healthier and sustainable practices in cereal systems.

Rice is the fourth most important crop in Italy with a growing area under organic management. We conducted a participatory evaluation of 21 rice cultivars (10 old, 10 modern and a mixture) in four organic/biodynamic farms, for two cropping seasons, to assess the extent of varieties × farms and varieties × years within farm interactions and farmers’ preferences. There were significant differences between farms and varieties, as well as large interactions between varieties and farms, particularly in the case of plant height and reactions to Fusarium fujikuroi Nirenberg (bakanae) and Magnaporthe oryzae B Cooke (leaf and neck blast), but also for grain yield. There were also large interactions between varieties and years, which resulted in considerable differences in stability among varieties with one of the old, one modern and the mixture combining high grain yield and stability. Farmers, regardless of gender, were able to visually identify the highest yielding varieties in a consistent way across years, and although accustomed to seeing uniform varieties, they scored the mixture higher than the mean. The results are discussed in the context of a decentralized-participatory breeding program, to serve the target population of heterogenous environments represented by organic and biodynamic farms.

Cultivars specifically adapted to organic agriculture are lacking in most crops, and tomato is no exception. Evolutionary-participatory breeding (EPB) combines the adaptive ability of evolutionary populations with farmers’ selection, thus representing a cost-effective strategy for the development of novel organic heterogeneous material, as introduced by the European regulation on organic agriculture (EU) 2018/848. An F4 ox-heart tomato composite cross population (CCP), derived from a half-diallel cross of four local varieties chosen for their superior performance under organic conditions, was submitted to both natural and farmers’ selection on three organic farms and at one research station in Italy. During field days held at each location before harvest, farmers visually scored 400 plants, all of which were carried forward to develop the natural selection (NS) population, while the 20 best ranking plants were chosen to develop the farmers’ selection (FS). After two cycles of selection (2018 and 2019), one NS and one FS population were obtained at each location. After this two-year selection process, in 2020, the eight populations (four NS and four FS), were evaluated in a randomised complete block trial in the four locations of selection and evolution. Four local varieties chosen by farmers and two modern varieties (one open pollinated variety and one F1 hybrid) were added as controls. The ANOVA showed significant differences among entries for all traits. Entry-by-location interactions were larger than the genetic effect for the overall evaluation, yield at first harvest, total yield and percentage of marketable yield. This confirms the importance of decentralising selection when seeking to develop specifically adapted varieties and/or populations. Evidence was observed of the effectiveness of participatory selection for improving the yield at first harvest, with a slight trade-off effect for the total yield and plant vigour.

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