A non-invasive method of drug delivery, intranasal atomization, has shown positive results in human medicine and in some animal species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of intranasal atomization, compared to intramuscular administration, of a mix of anesthetic drugs in pet rabbits. In total, 104 mixed-breed pet rabbits, undergoing various types of surgery, received a combination of ketamine, medetomidine, and butorphanol (20, 0.4, and 0.2 mg/kg) by intranasal atomization using a Mucosal Atomization Device (Group MAD) or intramuscular administration (Group IM). When required, isoflurane was dispensed through a face mask. At the end of the procedures, atipamezole was administered using the same routes in the respective Groups. There were no differences in time to loss of righting reflex between the groups, while differences were found for the need for isoflurane (higher in Group MAD) and recovery time, occurring earlier in Group MAD. The results suggest that intranasal atomization of a combination of ketamine, medetomidine, and butorphanol produces a lighter depth of anesthesia in pet rabbits, compared to intramuscular administration. Intranasal atomization can be performed to administer sedative and anesthetic drugs, avoiding the algic stimulus related to the intramuscular inoculation of drugs.
The nutria (Myocastor coypus), an invasive alien species, is widely spread in Europe. Pursuant to regulation (EU) no. 1143/2014, the nutria is subject to management programs to reduce its spread. Surgical fertility control is considered an acceptable method, particularly in urban circumstances, avoiding euthanasia. To maintain the hormonal patterns and the social and behavioral dynamics, surgical infertilization preserving the gonads (i.e., salpingectomy and vasectomy) is recommended. Mini-invasive surgery is an eligible choice when dealing with wildlife, allowing reduced captivation time. For these reasons, 77 free-ranging nutrias, captured in urban nuclei in Italy, underwent infertilization under general anesthesia; laparoscopic salpingectomy and vasectomy were performed on 32 animals and traditional surgery on the remainder, leaving the gonads in place. A three-port technique was used, with two paramedian trocars (5 mm) for the instruments and a median one for the telescope. Ablation was obtained through Onemytis® plasma device, allowing a rapid surgical time with no need to place visceral sutures; the skin was surgically closed. After recovery, the animals were released, and no overt complications were noted. No modification of the behavioral patterns was noted, and the population decreased during the following months.
Nel Cinquecento, la Sicilia era diventata terra di frontiera in un Mediterraneo che vedeva sempre più minacciosa la presenza dell'Impero Ottomano che, giunto al massimo della sua espansione territoriale, aveva chiuso l'Europa in una morsa. Sicché nel corso del Seicento, il Parlamento siciliano, deliberò un finanziamento straordinario per accrescere il numero delle galere, piano che non potè essere attuato a causa della crisi finanziaria che a quel tempo colpiva tutte le aree sotto l'influenza "della Spagna, incappata in una serie di rovesci militari" 1. Quindi, l'annoso problema di contrastare l'attività corsara del naviglio musulmano nel Mediterraneo, (oltre che quello relativo agli sbarchi clandestini e al pericolo di contagi pestiferi) venne affrontato con il solo rafforzamento delle difese costiere. Gli armatori siciliani di contro intravedevano la possibilità di lauti guadagni sfruttando a loro vantaggio la presenza nel Mediterraneo di un gran numero di natanti musulmani. Sicché, autonomiste essi armarono le loro navi di tutto punto per riprendere su vasta scala l'attività corsara, considerata un investimento produttivo, e già praticata ampiamente nei secoli precedenti. Spesso queste navi cristiane si spingevano fin sulle coste africane per catturare non solo naviglio e mercanzie, ma anche merce umana che, ridotta in schiavitù, era venduta nei mercati siciliani. Questa attività, all'inizio svolta autonomamente anche se regolata da norme, aveva preoccupato non poco i vicere di Sicilia per le gravi implicazioni politico-militari che comportava, tanto da costringere le autorità a pubblicare periodicamente dei bandi per tenerla sotto controllo. Agli inizi del Cinquecento un mercante di schiavi di Palermo è ricordato col soprannome di lu nigreri (il negriero), verso la metà di quel secolo Paolo Caggio, scrittore palermitano pubblica un'operetta in forma dialogica dal titolo Iconomica sul Corsari schiavi siciliani nel mediterraneo (Secoli XVIII-XIX)
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