Reduction of phenol-imine derivatives RЈN=CH(3,5-R 2 C 6 H 2 -2-OH) (R = tBu; RЈ = C 6 H 5 1a, p-MeC 6 H 4 1b, Cy 1c, tBu 1d, 2,6-Me 2 C 6 H 3 1e; R = H; RЈ = p-MeC 6 H 4 1f; Cy = cyclohexyl) with MBH 4 (M = Li, Na) or AlLiH 4 in ethyl ether or thf at room temperature affords the phenol-amine compounds RЈNHCH 2 (3,5-R 2 C 6 H 2 -2-OH) 2a-c and 2e,f. The N-R- [2,4-ditert-butyl]benzo-1-oxa-3-azine species (R = tBu 2d1, 2,6-Me 2 C 6 H 3 2e1) are obtained by Mannich reaction of 2,4-ditert-butylphenol with RNH 2 in refluxing methanol. Intermediate 2d1 is converted in ethanol at room temperature into N-tert-butyl [2-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butyl]benzylamine (2d), whereas 2e is not obtained from 2e1 by using this procedure.
N-alkyl,N-tert-butyl[2-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butyl]benzylamine compounds tBuN(R)CH
The structure and composition of starch play an important role as co-factors affecting raw starch digestibility: such features were investigated in raw acorn starch from the most diffused oak trees in the Mediterranean basin. A total of 620 whole ripe acorns from Holm (Quercus ilex L., n = 198), Downy (Quercus pubescens Willd., n = 207) and Cork (Quercus suber L., n = 215) oaks sampled on the Sardinia Isle (40° 56' 0'' N; 9° 4' 0'' E; 545 m above the mean sea level) in the same geographical area, were analyzed for their chemical composition. The starch contents ranged between 51.2% and 53.5% of dry matter. The starch granules displayed a spheroid/ovoid and cylindrical shape; on scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analyses, a bimodal distribution of starch granule size was observed both for Holm and Cork oak acorns, whereas the starch granules of Downy oak acorns showed diameters between 10.2 and 13.8 μm. The specific amylose to amylopectin ratio of acorn starch was 25.8%, 19.5% and 34.0% in the Holm, Downy and Cork oaks, respectively. The (13)C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) signal analysis displayed a pivotal spectrum for the identification of the amylose peaks in raw acorn starch, as a basis for the amylose to amylopectin ratio determination.
The first six-membered gold(III) N^C^N pincer complex was obtained in good yield, under very mild conditions, by transmetalation of [Hg(κC-N^C^N)Cl] (N^CH^N = 1,3-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)benzene, HL(1)) with Na[AuCl(4)]. The X-ray crystal structure of [Au(N^C^N)Cl][PF(6)] showed that the fused six-membered metallacycles each exist in a strongly puckered boat conformation. As shown by the (1)H NMR spectra in various solvents, the same structure is also retained in solution: no inversion of the six-membered metallacycles is observed in DMSO up to 95 °C. This correlates well with a reaction barrier of 17.5 kcal/mole, as determined by quantum chemical calculations. The reactivity of the present pincer complex is compared to that of the analogous 1,3-bis(2-pyridyl)benzene, HL(2), derivative, which has five-membered fused metallacycles. Sharp differences are found in the reactions with phosphines, such as PPh(3) and dppe (1,2-bis-diphenylphosphino-ethane), and with silver salts. Theoretical calculations were carried out on the two pincer complexes in order to try to understand these differences, and we found that the gold-chlorine bond is significantly stronger in the case of the complex containing five-membered metallacyclic rings.
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