In this study, extraction yield of valuable compounds from brewer's spent grain (BSG) using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) was investigated varying temperature, solvent type, and flow rate at a constant pressure. The results were compared with Soxhlet extractions using the total phenolic compounds (TPC), total flavonoid compounds (TFC), antioxidant activity (AA), reducing sugars (RS), and total reducing sugars (TRS) as indices. The highest PLE extraction yield was 20.1 wt%, at 120°C, 2 mL/min using ethanol to water volume ratio of 0.5, at 10 MPa. The TPC, TFC, and AA content were favored by water and water/ethanol extractions and temperature increase. The highest AA was obtained with water at 120 °C and 4 mL/min achieving 9944, 4769 and 4096 µmol TE/100 g of BSG extract, respectively. PLE was capable of present high extraction yields maintaining the RS and TRS in the BSG matrix. In addition, BSG was defatted with compressed propane before the extraction with PLE, showing that 2 compressed propane is highly efficient in recovering the lipid fraction from BSG. The results demonstrated a great potential of water and different EtOH/Water solvent ratio at pressurized conditions for obtaining bio-compounds of BSG in a crude extract with expressive biological activity.
This study investigated the beneficial properties of prickly pear peel (PPP) extracts from Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. Extracts were obtained via the Soxhlet extraction method using methanol (P1), ethanol (P2) and ethanol-water (P3) as extraction solvents. Their total phenolic and flavonoid content (TPC and TFC, respectively) and their antioxidant activity (AA) were determined. The PPP extracts were characterized in detail using mass spectrometry techniques. Their cyto-genotoxic effect and antigenotoxic potential against mitomycin C were evaluated via the cytokinesis block micronucleus (CBMN) assay on human lymphocytes. Enhanced TPC, TFC and AA values were recorded for all the extracts. Moreover, P1 and P2 were cytotoxic only at the highest concentrations, whereas P3 was found to be cytotoxic in all cases. No significant micronucleus induction was observed in the tested extracts. The PPP extracts contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, carboxylic acids, alkaloids, fatty acids and minerals (mainly K, Si, Mg, Ca, P and Zn). The results showed that all three extracts exerted high antigenotoxic activity. Our findings confirm the beneficial and genoprotective properties of PPP extracts and further studies on the bioactive compounds of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. are recommended, as it constitutes a promising plant in pharmaceutical applications.
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