Affordable housing was one of the four pillars of Kenya’s big four agenda of 2018. Rapid rural-urban migration and the high cost of formal housing units have led to the proliferation of informal settlements commonly referred to as slums. Provision of decent housing is still a challenge in Kenya due to continuous population growth and high demand for low cost housing. The aim of this paper was to assess the outcomes of innovative construction in housing in slum upgrading in Mathare valley. Post-occupancy survey approach was used to establish existing technological challenges on the walls, roof and floors of the upgraded units. Structured questionnaires were administered to the slum residents. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze data and results were presented in tables. Results indicated that the upgrade improved the houses structural envelope of walls, floors and roofs. The respondent’s perception of the scheme in terms of quality and acceptability was significant though deterioration of the structural envelope with time was evident. The upgrade improved the physical infrastructure and livelihoods as compared to the previous situation characterized by poor sanitation, degradable roofs, and walls and inadequate of social amenities. The relationships between residents were improved as compared to the previous situation. Better communal facilities such as roads, drainage and toilets were realized. The previous houses were made of assorted degradable materials which were substituted with fairly permanent elements during the upgrade. In conclusion, innovative construction technologies improved the social, economic and physical aspects of the project but certain aspects remained unchanged. The innovative construction method should focus on pro-poor approaches like improvement of the existing structures in lieu of demolition. The residents should be involved in assessing and determining their needs to ensure construction of houses suits their interests. Effective monitoring is critical to avoid displacement and minimize political interference and corruption.
The iRwandan iconstruction iindustry icontributes iup ito i7.4% iof ithe itotal iGDP iof i2010, iyet iits iperformance iwithin ithe ieconomy ihas ibeen, iand icontinues ito ibe, ivery ipoor idue ito icost ioverruns iresulting ito iabandonment iof iprojects. iThe itraditional idesign-bid-build isystem iof iprocurement iis istill idominant iin ithe iRwandan iconstruction isector iand ithis imay ilikely icontinue ito ibe ithe itrend. iDelay iin iproject iexecution iis ia imajor iproblem iin ithe iRwandan iconstruction iindustry. iThis ioccurs iboth iin ismall iand ilarge iprojects. iVirtually, iall ithe iprojects iexecuted iover ithe iyears iin iRwanda iwere ifaced iwith iproblem iof idelay iin idelivery. iThe iprimary iobjective iof ithe istudy iis ito ianalyze ithe iinfluence iof iprocurement isystems ion iconstruction iprojects. iSpecific iobjectives iare; ito iidentify ithe iextent ito iwhich ivarious iprocurement isystems icommonly iused iby iproject imanagers iin iKigali ifor iconstruction iprojects, ito iexamine iinfluence iof iprocurement isystems iencountered iwhen iemploying ivarious iprocurement isystems ifor iconstruction iprojects, ito iassess ithe imerits iand idemerits iof ithe ivarious iprocurement isystems ion iconstruction icost, idevelop ia iframework iof iprocurement ifactors iinfluencing idelays. iFor ithe iresearch idesign iand imethodology, ithe iresearch iwill ibe icarried iout iin iEnergy iDevelopment iCorporation iLimited ias ione iof ithe iinstitutions ihighly iinvolved iin ithe iprocurement iand iexecution iof iconstruction iworks iin iRwanda. iThe idescriptive iand iexplanatory iapproaches iwere idone iduring ithe iresearch iand iqualitative iand iquantitative imethods iwere iconsidered ias iwell. iAbout ithe isample isize iand itarget ipopulation, ithe iresearcher iconsiders i21 ias itarget ipopulation iand icensus itechnique iwas iused. iData ianalysis iused ispread isheets, iSPSS iand iother istatistic igraphs iand itables. iThe idata icollection iinstruments iwere iquestionnaires. i iThe itype iof ivalidity iused iby ithe iresearcher ifor ithis istudy iwas ithe icontent ivalidity. iFor ithe ireliability iof ithe idata icollection iinstrument, iTest- iretest ireliability iwas iused. iIt iis ia imeasure iof ireliability iobtained iby iadministering ithe isame itest itwice iover ia iperiod iof itime ito ia igroup iof iindividuals. iThe ifindings iguided ithe iresearcher iafter ianalyzing idata, ito iobserve ithe iinfluence iof iprocurement isystems ion iconstruction iprojects iin iRwanda.
This research found that the Rwanda construction Industry is faced with critical risk management practices on construction projects. This evaluation has identified the high likelihood of construction failures that fall under logistics, physical, construction, subcontractors, and design related factors. Risks wither remedial or by mitigation associated with the criteria of risk factors are frequently averaged, and certainly used to identify some risk factors it does not identify all of the problems that can result in failure. Similarly, the findings indicate that the most common used analysis techniques were expert systems which include software package, decision support system and computer-based analyses techniques, direct judgement using experience and personal skills, transfer or sharing risk to/with other parts and comparing analysis which means comparing similar projects with similar conditions
Value Management (VM) and Value Engineering (VE) are techniques concerned with defining, maximizing and achieving “value for money”. It should be noted that VM is not about reducing the cost but about adding value and where necessary the cost can be added to achieve value. Despite its proven significance in securing maximum output from limited resources, this approach is not a common practice in Rwanda’s construction Industry. This study therefore defines VM and describes all the processes and techniques involved in it. The merits and demerits of VM process in construction projects are discussed in details and relevance of its uses is discussed and recommended in consideration of the scope and complexity of the projects as well as the risks involved. While the benefits of a value management review are often perceived in terms of improved quality and reduced cost, this report discusses the exercise as a functional mechanism to measure value, taking into account monetary and non-monetary benefits and thus demonstrating value for money. While the author has not been able to obtain relevant literature on VM practice in Rwanda, It can be deduced from the review of the related literature that most of the evaluation techniques conducted for construction projects in developing world have mostly relied on evaluation of project performance in terms of cost, quality, delivery and progress. Since project evaluation is carried out after the work has been undertaken, the output of the analysis will just give the client an indication or a good understanding of the project performance. Such evaluations only reveal the competence or incompetence of the project participants instead of providing value for money which is addressed by VM practice which is an ex-ante analysis that takes into consideration of all value parameters. The study used a quantitative survey method of research to obtain responses from professional practitioners in construction industry in Rwanda. The sample size of 115 were selected from members of professional practitioners in the construction industry out of which 106 members were responsive. Finally, it is concluded that VM approach is not used in construction industry in Rwanda and recommended that VM practice be adopted in construction industry in Rwanda as a mandatory requirement for conception of all construction projects with a budget of $20M and above
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