Sleep disorders for patients on dialysis are significant causes of a poorer quality of life and increased morbidity and mortality. No study has evaluated patients undergoing automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) to assess their sleep disorders compared to hemodialysis (HD) and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). A total of 166 clinically stable patients who had been on dialysis for at least 3 months were randomly selected for the study and divided into HD, CAPD or APD. Socio-demographic, clinical and laboratory parameters and self-administered questionnaires were collected for the investigation of insomnia, restless legs syndrome (RLS), bruxism, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), sleepwalking, sleep hygiene, depression and anxiety. Insomnia was detected in more than 80 % of patients on the three modalities. OSAS was lower for patients on HD (36 %) than on CAPD (65 %) (p < 0.01) or APD (60 %) (p < 0.04). Patients on APD were more likely to have RLS compared to those on HD or CAPD (p < 0.04) (50 vs. 23 vs. 33 %). No differences among the modalities were found in bruxism, EDS, sleepwalking, sleep hygiene, depression or anxiety. ESRD patients undergoing any one of the three dialysis modalities studied had a high prevalence of sleep disorders. Patients on HD had a lower proportion of OSAS than those on CAPD and APD, which is most likely attributed to their lower body mass indices. The possible causes of higher RLS rates in APD patients have not been established.
The Brazilian Sleep Association brought together specialists in sleep medicine, in order to develop new guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of insomnias. The following subjects were discussed: concepts, clinical and psychosocial evaluations, recommendations for polysomnography, pharmacological treatment, behavioral and cognitive therapy, comorbidities and insomnia in children. Four levels of evidence were envisaged: standard, recommended, optional and not recommended. For diagnosing of insomnia, psychosocial and polysomnographic investigation were recommended. For non-pharmacological treatment, cognitive behavioral treatment was considered to be standard, while for pharmacological treatment, zolpidem was indicated as the standard drug because of its hypnotic profile, while zopiclone, trazodone and doxepin were recommended. Key words: insomnia, diagnosis of insomnia, treatment of insomnia, cognitive behavioral therapy.Novas diretrizes no diagnóstico e tratamento das insônias resumo A Associação Brasileira de Sono reuniu especialistas em medicina do sono com o objetivo de desenvolver novas diretrizes no diagnóstico e tratamento das insônias. Nós consideramos quatro níveis de evidência: padrão, recomendado, opcional e não recomendado. Os tópicos abordados foram: conceito, avaliação clínica e psicossocial, indicação da polissonografia, tratamento farmacológico, terapia comportamental cognitiva, comorbidades e insônia na infância. Para o diagnóstico da insônia, foi recomendada uma avaliação psicossocial e a realização da polissonografia, enquanto que no que se refere ao tratamento, foi estabelecido como padrão a indicação da terapia comportamental cognitiva, e, quanto ao tratamento farmacológico, foi indicado o uso do zolpidem como hipnótico padrão, e sendo recomendado o zopiclone, a trazodona e a doxepina. Palavras-chave: insônia, diagnóstico da insônia, tratamento da insônia, terapia comportamental cognitiva.
RATIONALE: An estimate of 3 million people present with the diagnosis of epilepsy in Brazil. Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures (PNES) are likely to occur in up to 2-33/100.000 people. Paradoxically, very few papers address this significant condition in the Brazilian literature. We describe a Brazilian PNES population and provide a review of the literature. METHODS: we reviewed the clinical history, vídeo-electroencephalographic (VEEG) data, psychiatric diagnosis and prognosis in a series of 45 PNES patients, with emphasis on the demographics, as well as, PNES major clinical presentations and classification. RESULTS: PNES represent 5.2% of the patients referred to the VEEG monitoring at our institution; patients were mostly young with a mean age of 27y/o and a clear predominance of the female gender (78%); the majority of PNES last between 1-5 minutes, but duration was highly variable; 28/45 patients were referred due to "intractable epilepsy" and 14/28 had MR defined mesial temporal sclerosis; about a third of the patients present with the classically described PNES clinical presentation; conversive and dissociative seizures prevail on PNES classification (80%). CONCLUSIONS: clinical and VEEG data on this Brazilian population matches descriptions coming from other series, suggesting potential cross-cultural similarities in the clinical expression of this condition.
Este artigo relata as conclusões da reunião de consenso da Associação Brasileira de Sono com médicos especialistas brasileiros sobre o tratamento da narcolepsia, baseado na revisão dos artigos sobre narcolepsia publicados entre 1980 e 2010. Os objetivos do consenso são valorizar o uso de agentes avaliados em estudos randomizados placebo-controlados, emitir recomendações de consenso para o uso de outras medicações e informar pontos importantes a respeito da segurança e efeitos adversos das medicações. O tratamento da narcolepsia é baseado em diversas classes de agentes, estimulantes para sonolência excessiva, agentes antidepressivos para cataplexia e hipnóticos para sono noturno fragmentado. Medidas comportamentais são igualmente importantes e recomendadas universalmente. Todos os ensaios clínicos terapêuticos foram classificados de acordo com o nível de qualidade da evidência. Recomendações terapêuticas individualizadas para cada tipo de sintoma e recomendações gerais foram formuladas pelos autores. Modafinila é indicada como a primeira escolha para o tratamento da sonolência diurna. Agentes de segunda escolha para o tratamento da sonolência excessiva são metilfenidato de liberação lenta seguido pelo mazindol. Reboxetina, clomipramina, venlafaxina, desvenlafaxina e os inibidores seletivos de recaptação de serotonina em doses altas são a primeira escolha para o tratamento da cataplexia. Hipnóticos são utilizados para o tratamento do sono noturno fragmentado. Antidepressivos e hipnóticos são igualmente utilizados para o tratamento das alucinações hipnagógicas e paralisia do sono.
Este artigo relata as conclusões da reunião de consenso com médicos especialistas sobre diagnóstico de narcolepsia baseada na revisão dos artigos sobre narcolepsia listados no Medline entre 1980 e 2010. A narcolepsia é uma doença crônica de início entre a primeira e segunda décadas de vida do indivíduo. Os sintomas essenciais são cataplexia e sonolência excessiva. A cataplexia é definida como episódios súbitos, recorrentes e reversíveis de fraqueza da musculatura esquelética desencadeados por situações de conteúdo emocional. Os sintomas acessórios são alucinações hipnagógicas, paralisia do sono e sono fragmentado. Critérios de diagnóstico clínico de acordo com a Classificação Internacional dos Transtornos do Sono são de sonolência excessiva e cataplexia. Recomenda-se a realização de polissonografia seguida do teste de latência múltipla do sono em um laboratório de sono para confirmação e diagnóstico de comorbidades. Quando não houver cataplexia, deve haver duas ou mais sonecas com sono REM no teste de latência múltipla do sono. Tipagem HLA-DQB1*0602 positiva com níveis de hipocretina-1 abaixo de 110pg/mL devem estar presentes para o diagnóstico de narcolepsia sem cataplexia e sem sonecas com sono REM.
Continuous Vídeo-EEG monitoring remains the gold-standard tool to confirm or disregard the diagnosis of epilepsy in selected cases in which a differential diagnosis is required and not clearly established in the basis of outpatient procedures. However, it may be a tiresome and stressful experience for patients and it is certainly an expensive test. Thus, we wonder how far (considering both financial and emotional costs) should we pursue the goal of documenting all suspicious events. An illustrative case is presented.
S human sleep must recognize its three most basic characteristics: (a)sleep is a brain process, (b) it is an active process, and (c) it is not a single process. In this chapter, the characteristics of the different sleep processes, the basic factors regulating sleep, and the importance of sleep are discussed.The behavioral inactivity during sleep biases observers toward believing that mental activity ceases during sleep. When asked how they know they have slept, many people deduce an answer on the basis of two impressions: First, they feel refreshed, and second, they are unable to recall thoughts and events from the interval between first going to bed and arising. Sleep can produce amnesia. People may mistakenly interpret the sleep-related process of forgetting (or failing to store information in long-term memory) as mental inactivity. By contrast, we have no difficulty accepting that mental activity occurs during dreams, essentially because we occasionally remember dreams. Electroencephalographic Correlates of Sleep and WakefulnessBecause sleep is a brain process, researchers commonly study it by recording brain electrical activity. Traditional laboratory studies of 11
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