Introduction Birth spacing is the time gaps between two consecutive life births. Optimal spacing until the next pregnancy is the resting period that allows the mother time to recover from pregnancy, and labor. Birth interval of 3 to 5 years increases maternal health and child survival and family planning programs have advocated this birth interval. Objectives To assess prevalence of Suboptimal Child spacing practice and its associated factors among Women of Child bearing age in Serbo town, Jimma Zone Southwest Ethiopia. Methods Community based cross sectional study was conducted on a total of 314 women of child bearing age from March to April 2017 who were selected by simple random sampling. A semi structured questionnaire which was pretested was used to collect the data. Data was checked for completeness and analyzed using SPSS V.20. Bi-variable logistic regression and multi- variable regression were done for predictor variables associated at p -value < 0.05 with the outcome variable. Result The prevalence of short birth interval in this study was 59.9%. Independent predictors like age at first marriage (AOR: 2.10, 95% CI = 1.19, 3.69), sex of index child (AOR: 1.964, 95% CI = 1.05 3.96), educational status (AOR: 3.05,95% CI = 1.68, 3.83), duration of breastfeeding (AOR: 3.09, 95% CI = 1.38, 6.96) and use of modern contraceptives (AOR: 1.94, 95% CI = 1.09, 3.45) were found to be statistically associated with short birth interval. Conclusion and recommendation Majority of the study respondents were practicing short birth interval. Education level, age at first marriage, having female child, short duration of breastfeeding and not using of modern contraceptives were factors associated with the outcome variable. Therefore awareness about modern contraceptive utilization, importance of breastfeeding as birth spacing mechanism and impact of early marriage are recommended.

Introduction: Effective post-operative pain management can lead to comfort, better mobility, improved recovery, and shorter stay in hospital. However, though few studies were done in this area, the extent to which nurses practice postoperative pain management and their level of knowledge and attitude regarding pain is not well documented in the study setting. Objective: To assess post-operative pain management knowledge, attitude, practice and associated factors among nurses working at Jimma medical center, south-west Ethiopia, 2019. Methods: Institution based quantitative cross-sectional study design was conducted on 203 nurses working in surgical Gynecology maternity and labor ward, operation theater, ophthalmology units of Jimma Medical Center. Data was collected by using pretested structured self-administered questionnaire and entered SPSS version 21 for analysis. Descriptive statistics (frequency percentage mean and standard deviation) was computed. Chi-square test was done to determine the association between dependent and independent variables. Significant associations were declared at P value less than 0.05. Results: The finding of this study revealed that 88.8% of nurses had poor knowledge and attitude regarding pain and 23.5% had good post-operative pain management practice. Prior training on pain management and reading of medical books were significantly associated with knowledge and attitude regarding pain whereas working unit and prior training on pain were found to be significantly associated with post-operative pain management practice. Conclusion and recommendation: Nurses knowledge and attitude regarding post-operative pain management practice in Jimma Medical Center are generally low. Prior training and reading books are significantly associated with the level of nurses' knowledge and attitude whereas; training and working units are significantly associated with postoperative pain management practice. Jimma Medical center should provide an in-service training and avail reading books to improve nurse's knowledge, attitude and practice toward post-operative pain management.