Objective This review evaluates the effectiveness of smartphone applications in improving academic performance and clinical practice among healthcare professionals and students. Methods This study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Articles were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane library through a comprehensive search strategy. Studies that included medical, dental, nursing, allied healthcare professional, undergraduates, postgraduates, and interns from the same disciplines who used mobile applications for their academic learning and/or daily clinical practice were considered. Results 52 studies with a total of 4057 learner participants were included in this review. 33 studies (15 RCTs, 1 cluster RCT, 7 quasi-experimental studies, 9 interventional cohort studies and 1 cross-sectional study) reported that mobile applications were an effective tool that contributed to a significant improvement in the knowledge level of the participants. The pooled effect of 15 studies with 962 participants showed that the knowledge score improved significantly in the group using mobile applications when compared to the group who did not use mobile applications (SMD = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.57 to1.31, P<0.00001). 19 studies (11 RCTs, 3 quasi-experimental studies and 5 interventional cohort studies) reported that mobile applications were effective in significantly improving skills among the participants. Conclusion Mobile applications are effective tools in enhancing knowledge and skills. They can be considered as effective adjunct tools in medical education by considering their low expense, high versatility, reduced dependency on regional or site boundaries, online and offline, simulation, and flexible learning features of mobile apps.
An emulsion is a biphasic dosage form comprising of dispersed phase containing droplets that are uniformly distributed into a surrounding liquid which forms the continuous phase. An emulsifier is added at the interface of two immiscible liquids to stabilize the thermodynamically unstable emulsion. Various types of emulsions such as water-in-oil (w-o), oil-in-water (o-w), microemulsions, and multiple emulsions are used for delivering certain drugs in the body. Water (aqueous) phase is commonly used for encapsulating proteins and several other drugs in water-in-oil-in-water (w-o-w) emulsion technique. But this method has posed certain problems such as decreased stability, burst release, and low entrapment efficiency. Thus, a novel “solid-in-oil-in-water” (s-o-w) emulsion system was developed for formulating certain drugs, probiotics, proteins, antibodies, and tannins to overcome these issues. In this method, the active ingredient is encapsulated as a solid and added to an oil phase, which formed a solid-oil dispersion. This dispersion was then mixed with water to form a continuous phase for enhancing the drug absorption. This article focuses on the various studies done to investigate the effectiveness of formulations prepared as solid-oil-water emulsions in comparison to conventional water-oil-water emulsions. A summary of the results obtained in each study is presented in this article. The s-o-w emulsion technique may become beneficial in near future as it has shown to improve the stability and efficacy of the entrapped active ingredient. Graphical abstract
A sensitive, accurate, precise and stability indicating high-performance thin layer chromatographic method was developed and validated for analysis of triamcinalone acetonide (TRIA) in bulk drug and sterile injectable suspension. The method employed HPTLC aluminum precoated plates with silica gel 60F-254 as the stationary phase. The solvent system consisted of Toluene: ethyl acetate: ammonia solution (33:67:0.1 %v/v). This system was found to give compact bands for TRIA (R f value 0.38 ± 0.02). TRIA was subjected to acid, alkali and neutral hydrolysis, oxidation, sun light and dry heat treatment. The degraded products were well separated from the pure drug with notably different R f values. CAMAG semi-automatic HPTLC used for the analysis. Densitometric analysis of TRIA was carried out in the absorbance mode at 240 nm. The linear regression data for the calibration plots showed good linear relationship with correlation coefficient 0.9996 ±/ 0.001 in the concentration range of 100.0-2000.0 ng spot -1. The values of slope and intercept were 9.7841 and -86.13 respectively. The method was validated for precision, accuracy, robustness, and recovery. The limits of detection and quantitation were 33.0 and 100.0 ng spot -1 respectively. As the method could effectively separate the drug from its degradation products, it can be employed as a routine stability indicating assay method. suitable for routine determination of TRIA in bulk drug and in formulations. The proposed method was validated in compliance with ICH guidelines, 8,9 and its updated international convention. 10Experimental Materials TRIA bulk drug and its injectable suspension were given by Star drugs and research laboratories, Bangalore as a gift sample. Ethyl acetate, Toluene, methanol and ammonia solution (Qualigens Fine Chemicals, Mumbai) used were of analytical grade, CAMAG linomat IV sample applicator equipped with 100 ml Hamilton (USA) syringe, CAMAG twin trough glass chamber, CAMAG TLC scanner III densitometer, Cats 3 software. HPTLC instrumentationThe samples were applied in the form of bands on the plate, width 6 mm, and 10 mm from the bottom of the edge using a Merck precoated silica gel aluminium plate 60F-254 (20×10 cm with 0.2 mm thickness, E.Merck, Germany) with Linomat IV (Switzerland) sample applicator equipped with a 100µL Hamilton (USA) syringe. A constant application rate of 100 nL/s was employed and the standard, sample volume was 10 µL, the space between two bands were 7 mm and slit dimension was kept 5x0.45 mm micro and 5 mm sec -1 scanning speed was employed. The eluting solvent was consisted of Toluene: ethyl acetate: ammonia solution (33:67:0.1 % v/v). Linear ascending development was carried out in twin trough glass chamber (CAMAG) saturated with mobile phase. Previously the glass chamber was saturated with the help of filter paper and the optimized chamber saturation time was found to be 30 min at room temperature. The length of chromatogram run was appro ximately 80 mm. After the development the plates were dried in air w...
Purpose: Pharmaceutical industry ensures that data entered for various steps of drug development is accurate, which gives us confidence that the drugs produced by the industry are within specified parameters. Data integrity indicates sustaining and assuring the accuracy and reliability of data throughout the life cycle of the product. Over the years, numerous leading regulatory authorities have communicated their expectations in the form of regulations and guidance documents from the US FDA, MHRA, EMA, PIC/S and WHO, which address data management and data integrity issues. However, with an increase in digitalisation and the role of global markets, data integrity failures have increased. This results in recalls of products, warning letters, seizures, legal action and ultimately the potential for patient harm. Materials and Methods: Over the last few years, several regulatory agencies have acted against data integrity deficiencies in the pharmaceutical industry. In 2016, more than 50% of MHRA warning letters involved data integrity lapses for computerized systems were observed compared to year 2015. Broadly, the U.S. approximately has received 15 percent of the warning letters, European countries have received approximately 8 percent and the rest of the world claims approximately 15 percent from FDA in the years 2008-2018. MHRA published a guidance document on data integrity in the March 2015 and its revised draft copy was published in March 2018 which applies to GxP systems. Results: From a quality standpoint, data integrity plays a pivotal role in a company's quality system. Data management and data governance should be efficiently integrated into the quality management system. Conclusion: This article represents the evaluation of warning letters from the last ten years regarding data integrity deficiencies.
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