Aims\ud The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of three different water temperatures on physiological responses (dehydration, sweat rate, urine output, rectal temperature and plasma electrolytes) of competitive athletes during a “simulated” race of 5 km in an indoor swimming pool.\ud Methods\ud Nine male competitive master swimmers swam 5 km with the water at temperatures of 23, 27 and 32 ̊C. Immediately before (Pre) and after (Post) each trial, samples of blood and urine were collected, body weight was recorded and rectal temperature was measured. The dehydration percentage and sweat rate were the highest at 32 ̊C and the lowest at 23 ̊C (23 ̊C: −0.9 ± 0.5; 27 ̊C: −1.3 ± 0.6; 32 ̊C: −2.2 ± 0.7% and 23 ̊C: 0.48 ± 0.28; 27 ̊C: 0.76 ± 0.36; 32 ̊C: 1.25 ± 0.37 l/h). The Post urine volume output was not significantly different in the three trials (23 ̊C: 122.6 ± 62.4; 27 ̊C: 78.2 ± 24.9; 32 ̊C 81.4 ± 37.0 mL). The 27 and 32 ̊C water increased the rectal temperature (Pre: 37.0 ± 0.3; Post: 37.9 ± 0.5 ̊C–Pre: 36.9 ± 0.4; Post: 38.0 ± 0.4 ̊C, respectively).\ud \ud Results\ud This study shows that dehydration, sweat rate and body temperatures simultaneously increase with the rise of water temperature during the shortest open water swimming event distance (5 km) performed at race intensity

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This work shows correlation between subtypes and the probability of having positive SLN. Patients not expressing vascular invasion, lymphatic invasion and, moreover, a triple-negative tumor subtype may be good candidates for breast conservative surgery without axillary surgical staging.

This paper focuses on students credits earning speed over time and its determinants, dealing with the huge percentage of students who do not take the degree within the legal duration in the Italian University System. A new indicator for the performance of the student career is proposed on real data, concerning the cohort of students enrolled at a Faculty of the University of Palermo (followed for 7 years). The new indicator highlights a typical zero-inflated distribution and suggests to investigate the effect of the degree course (DC) change on the student career. A mixed-effect model for overdispersed data is considered, with the aim of taking into account the individual variability as well, due to the longitudinal nature of data. Results show the significant positive effect of the DC change on the student performance.

The debate on academic achievement is a heated issue that involves all the higher education contexts. This paper attempts to provide an indicator that can make the measurement of university student performance easier and that can be easily applied to different systems, making comparisons more fair. The Italian University System is used as a starting point to make several considerations on the current measures and to build up a new performance indicator. Then, a generalization for other marking systems is shown and finally a quantile regression is performed to investigate some determinants of the new performance indicator, also with respect to the current one

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Investigation about the university student performance, and its measurement, are very crucial issues for any policy maker. Since the economic crisis, jobs market requires even higher skills and competences. Literature offers a lot of papers about the university student quality and performance, in order to identify the main determinants of them. Often, results are very different, and they seems to hold just in a specific context. This paper aims to investigate the role of a latent variable that can take into account the student motivation, aptitude, and abilities, here conveniently called talent. A random effect Quantile Regression on a new measure of Italian student performance has been adopted, and results seem to highlight the main role of the talent.