CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency varies from 5.8% to 30% among patients undergoing long-term treatment with metformin. Because of the paucity of data on Brazilian patients, this study aimed to determine the frequency of B12 deficiency and related factors among Brazilian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using metformin. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study at a public university hospital. METHODS:Patients with T2DM and a control group of non-diabetics were included. Serum B12 levels were measured and biochemical B12 deficiency was defined as serum levels < 180 pg/ml. Associations between B12 deficiency and age, duration of T2DM, duration of use and dosage of metformin, and use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or histamine H2 antagonists were determined. RESULTS: 231 T2DM patients using metformin (T2DM-met) and 231 controls were included. No difference in the frequency of PPI or H2-antagonist use was seen between the groups. B12 deficiency was more frequent in the T2DM-met group (22.5% versus 7.4%) and this difference persisted after excluding PPI/ H2-antagonist users (17.9% versus 5.6%). The factors that interfered with serum B12 levels were PPI/H2-antagonist use and duration of metformin use ≥ 10 years. Use of PPI/H2-antagonists was associated with B12 deficiency, with an odds ratio of 2.60 (95% confidence interval, 1.34-5.04). CONCLUSIONS: Among T2DM patients, treatment with metformin and concomitant use of PPI/H2-antagonists are associated with a higher chance of developing B12 deficiency than among non-diabetics. RESUMO CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO:A prevalência de deficiência de vitamina B12 varia de 5,8% a 30% nos pacientes em tratamento a longo prazo com metformina. Devido à escassez de dados em pacientes brasileiros, este estudo determinou a frequência de deficiência de B12 e fatores relacionados em pacientes brasileiros com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) usando metformina. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal em hospital público universitário. MÉTODOS: Pacientes com DM2 e um grupo controle de não diabéticos foram incluídos. Os níveis séricos de vitamina B12 foram dosados e deficiência bioquímica de B12 foi definida como níveis séricos < 180 pg/ml. Foi investigada a associação entre deficiência de B12 e idade, duração do DM2, duração do uso e dose de metformina, uso de inibidores de bomba de prótons (IBP) ou antagonistas dos receptores histamínicos H2 (antagonistas-H2). RESULTADOS: 231 pacientes DM2 usando metformina (DM2-met) e 231 controles foram incluídos. Não houve diferença na frequência de uso de IBP/antagonistas-H2 entre os grupos. Deficiência de B12 foi mais frequente no grupo DM2-met (22,5% versus 7,4%) e essa diferença persistiu após exclusão dos usuári-os de IBP/antagonistas-H2 (17,9% versus 5,6%). Fatores que interferiram nos níveis séricos de B12 foram: uso de IBP/antagonistas-H2 e duração do uso de metformina ≥ 10 anos. O uso de IBP/antagonistas-H2 associou-se com deficiência de B12, com um risco relativo de 2,60 (95% intervalo de confian...

We demonstrated by CMRi, the gold-standard method, that patients with active acromegaly might have a lower prevalence of cardiac abnormalities than previously reported.

Prostate cancer is the second most frequent malignancy diagnosed in adult men. Androgens are considered the primary growth factors for prostate normal and cancer cells. However, other non-androgenic growth factors are involved in the growth regulation of prostate cancer cells. The association between IGF-I and prostate cancer risk is well established. However, there is no evidence that the measurement of IGF-I enhances the specificity of prostate cancer detection beyond that achievable by serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. Until now, there is no consensus on the possible association between IGFBP-3 and prostate cancer risk. Although not well established, it seems that high insulin levels are particularly associated with risk of aggressive prostatic tumours. This review describes the physiopathological basis, epidemiological evidence, and animal models that support the association of the IGFs family and insulin with prostate cancer. It also describes the potential therapies targeting these growth factors that, in the future, can be used to treat patients with prostate cancer. RESUMOO câncer de próstata é a segunda neoplasia mais frequentemente diagnosticada em homens adultos. Os androgênios são considerados fatores de crescimento primários para células prostáticas normais e malignas. Entretanto, outros fatores de crescimento não androgênicos estão envolvidos na regulação do crescimento das células prostáticas malignas. Associação entre IGF-I e risco de câncer de próstata é bem estabelecida. No entanto, não há evidência de que a dosagem do IGF-I melhore a especificidade na detecção do câncer de próstata, além daquela alcançada pelos níveis de antígeno prostático específico (PSA). Até hoje, não há consenso sobre a possível associação entre IGFBP-3 e risco de câncer de próstata. Apesar de não estar estabelecido, altos níveis de insulina parecem particularmente associados ao risco de tumores prostáticos agressivos. Esta revisão descreveu base fisiopatológica, evidências epidemiológi-cas e modelos animais que apoiam a associação da família das IGFs e insulina com câncer de próstata. Também foram descritas terapias potenciais que têm como alvo esses fatores de crescimento, os quais, no futuro, poderão ser usados para tratar pacientes com câncer de próstata.Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2009;53(8):969-75

The syndrome of dyskinesia associated with hyperglycemia and basal ganglia hyperintensity on T1 - weighted MR images is rare and most often affects elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. We report a case of a 79 year-old female patient who presented to the ED with a 12 h history of a left sided hemichoreoathetosis. Laboratory results revealed pronounced nonketotic hyperglycemia [27 mmol/L (486 mg/dL); HbA1c 140 mmol/mol (15 %)] and brain MRI showed bilateral T1 hyperintensity in the basal ganglia, more noticeable on the right side. One week before she had been admitted with a diagnosis of transient ischemic attack consisting in left hemiparesthesia, also with nonketotic hyperglycemia [38.9 mmol/L (700 mg/dL)] and was discharged home with partial correction of her metabolic disturbance. The movement disorder did not improve with adequate glycemic control so haloperidol was started. Six weeks later she was seen on an outpatient basis. She still had minimal residual involuntary movements of the left arm and leg. Laboratory exams revealed a well controlled diabetes mellitus [glycemia 6.0 mmol/L (109 mg/dL), HbA1c 57 mmol/mol (7.4 %)]. In conclusion, the syndrome of dyskinesia associated to hyperglycemia and hyperintensity in the basal ganglia on T1 - weighted MR images is a rare, intriguing and yet incompletely understood complication of diabetes mellitus. The increasing number of reported cases may help to better understand its peculiarities such as the existence of a clear clinical radiological dissociation and to unveil pathophysiological aspects. We suggest the possibility that the metabolic disturbances unmask a previous established asymptomatic striatum vasculopathy.

Objective: Our aim was to determine the relationship between body fat composition, metabolic syndrome (MS), and insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes (DM1). Subjects and methods: Forty-five DM1 women (36 ± 9 years; body mass index 24.6 ± 4.4 kg/m 2 ) had body composition and insulin resistance determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and estimated glucose disposal ratio (eGDR), respectively. Twenty patients (45%) had MS according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Results: Women with DM1 and MS had increased central fat and lower eGDR than women without MS (41.9 ± 2.0 vs. 33.7 ± 1.8%; p = 0.004 and 4.99 ± 0.40 vs. 8.37 ± 0.39; p < 0.0001, respectively). Total body fat and peripheric fat were similar between the groups. Central fat negatively correlated with eGDR (r = -0.33; p = 0.03). Conclusion: Central fat deposition in young non-obese DM1 women was related to MS and insulin resistance. Thus, body fat composition analysis might be important to identify DM1 patients with increased metabolic risk. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2011;55(3):189-93 Keywords Type 1 diabetes; body composition; metabolic syndrome; insulin resistance RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre composição corporal, síndrome metabólica (SM) e resistência insulínica (RI) no diabetes tipo 1 (DM1). Sujeitos e métodos: Quarenta e cinco mulheres com DM1 (36 ± 9 anos; índice de massa corporal 24,6 ± 4,4 kg/m 2 ) foram submetidas à análise de composição corporal e RI por meio de densitometria por dupla emissão de raios-X e taxa de disponibilização de glicose estimada (eGDR), respectivamente. Vinte mulheres (45%) apresentavam SM, conforme critérios da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Resultados: Mulheres com SM apresentaram maior gordura central e menor eGDR do que as sem SM (41,9 ± 2,0 vs. 33,7±1,8%; p = 0,004 e 4,99 ± 0,40 vs. 8,37 ± 0,39; p < 0,0001). A gordura corporal total e a gordura periférica não diferiram entre os grupos. A gordura central foi inversamente correlacionada com eGDR (r = -0,33; p = 0,03). Conclusão: Deposição de gordura central em mulheres jovens não obesas com DM1 esteve associada com SM e RI. Avaliação da composição corporal pode ser importante na identificação de pacientes com risco metabólico elevado. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2011;55(3):189-93 Descritores Diabetes tipo 1; composição corporal; síndrome metabólica; resistência insulínica

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence and clinical predictors of subclinical atherosclerosis in asymptomatic, young adult women with type 1 DM. Subjects and methods: The study included 45 women with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) (aged 36 ± 9 years) who underwent carotid Doppler ultrasound evaluation to determine the carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) and to assess the occurrence of carotid artery plaques. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR), and metabolic syndrome (MS) was defined by the World Health Organization criteria. Results: The cohort had a mean age of 36 ± 9 years, diabetes duration of 18.1 ± 9.5 years, and body mass index (BMI) of 24.6 ± 2.4 kg/m 2 . MS was present in 44.4% of the participants. The CIMT was 0.25 ± 0.28 mm, and the prevalence of carotid artery plaques was 13%. CIMT correlated positively with hypertension (p = 0.04) and waist-to-hip ratio (r = 0.37, p = 0.012). The presence of carotid artery plaques correlated positively with age (p = 0.018) and hypertension (p = 0.017). eGDR correlated negatively with CIMT (r = -0.39, p = 0.009) and carotid plaques (p = 0.04). Albuminuria showed a correlation trend with CIMT (p = 0.06). Patients with carotid artery plaques were older, had a higher prevalence of hypertension, and lower eGDR. No correlation was found between CIMT and carotid plaques with diabetes duration, MS, BMI, cholesterol profile, glycated hemoglobin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, or fibrinogen. Conclusion: Insulin resistance, central obesity, hypertension, and older age were predictors of subclinical atherosclerosis in asymptomatic, young adult women with type 1 DM. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2017;61(2):115-21.

Our study confirmed that benign thyroid diseases are frequent in acromegalic patients. The prevalence of thyroid cancer was higher than in the overall population. We suggest that thyroid US should be routinely performed in patients with acromegaly.

Introduction: Published data suggest that patients with acromegaly have an increased prevalence of prostate disorders. Objective: To evaluate prostatic disorders in acromegalic patients comparing these results after one year of treatment of acromegaly and with a group of healthy men. Materials and Methods: This study was composed of two parts: sectional study comparing patients with healthy controls (baseline) and prospective, longitudinal study (at baseline and after one year of treatment). Forty acromegalic patients were enrolled and evaluated at baseline and after one year with the application of international prostatic symptoms score (IPSS), digital rectal examination, measurements of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), total testosterone, total and free prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and prostate ultrasonography (US). Thirty healthy men were selected as control group. Results: We stratified patients and controls according to age, considering 40 years-old as cut off. Healthy controls under 40 had IPSS values lower than acromegalic patients. When considering only older patients and controls prostate hyperplasia and structural abnormalities were more frequent in acromegalics. After one year of treatment there was significant decrease in GH, IGF-I and prostate volume in acromegalics over 40 years-old. Conclusions: Acromegalics under 40 have more urinary symptoms according to IPSS and above 40 years-old higher frequency of structural changes and increased prostate volume than healthy men. Significant reduction of GH and IGF-I levels during treatment of acromegaly leads to decrease in the prostate volume.