BACKGROUND Essential oils (EO) extracted from Cinnamomum verum has been used as an antimicrobial agents for centuries. The effects of C. verum leaf oil against virulence of microorganisms is not well studied yet. OBJECTIVES This study evaluates the effect of C. verum leaf oil against three virulence factors of Candida albicans, C. tropicalis and C. dubliniensis and its in-vivo toxicity. METHODS Chemical composition of EO was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI) M27-A3 broth microdilution. Effect of EO on initial adhesion was quantified using XTT assay after allowing Candida cells to adhere to the polystyrene surface for 2 h. Biofilm formation of Candida in the presence of EO was quantified using XTT viability assay. Efficacy on reduction of germ tube formation was evaluated using standard protocol. Visualisation of biofilm formation and progression under the EO treatment were done using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Time lapses microscope respectively. In-vivo toxicity of EO was determined using Galleria mellonella larvae. Chlorhexidine digluconate: positive control. RESULTS Eugenol was the main compound of EO. MIC was 1.0 mg/mL. 50% reduction in initial adhesion was achieved by C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. dubliniensis with 1.0, > 2.0 and 0.34 mg/mL respectively. 0.5 and 1.0 mg/mL significantly inhibit the germ tube formation. MBIC 50 for forming biofilms were ≤ 0.35 mg/mL. 1.0 mg/mL prevent biofilm progression of Candida. SEM images exhibited cell wall damages, cellular shrinkages and decreased hyphal formation. No lethal effect was noted with in-vivo experiment model at any concentration tested. CONCLUSION C. verum leaf oil acts against virulence factors of Candida and does not show any toxicity.
Medicinal plants play a major role as an alternative therapeutic agents for various disease conditions including cardiac and hepatic diseases, microbial infections and non-communicable disease such as diabetes mellitus. With the excessive use of synthetic antimicrobial drugs, micro-organisms become more virulent and resistant to available antimicrobial therapeutic agents. Further majority (around 60%-80%) of human microbial infections are biofilm associated infections and various resistance mechanisms of biofilms make it more difficult to eradicate or treat biofilm infections using available antimicrobial therapeutics. Further, biofilm structure acts as a physical barrier and prevent penetration of antimicrobial agents towards the biofilm core. Currently, scientists pay their attention to invent novel effective antimicrobial agents with less side effects for these biofilm infections. Phytochemicals have identified as a potential alternative antimicrobial strategy in biofilm control and eradication. Cinnamomum verum is a native Sri Lankan medicinal plant that has been widely used as a culinary spice, exhibits many medicinal benefits especially activity against microbial infectious diseases. Essential oils extracted from leaf and bark of C. verum have been used as a safe and effective antimicrobial agents against various infections for centuries. This review analyses the available scientific literature evidences on appositeness of true cinnamon leaf essential oil as an alternative antimicrobial strategy to control microbial biofilm infections with medical importance.
Medicinal plants are attractive sources in the search of bioactive compounds in the treatment of infectious diseases. Considering that the infectious agent often develops resistance to existing treatments rapidly, the searches for such compounds are a never-ending process. One such infection, caused by Candida spp. is candidiasis, which is a public health problem. Additionally, many strains have resistance to traditional therapies. Therefore, we tested the antifungal activity of four compounds present in Mentha spp. with promising antifungal precedents. We measured inhibition of growth by microdilution, disruption of biofilm viewed by electron microscopy, inhibition of germ tube formation by optical microscopy and toxicity on HaCaT cells. Tests showed that the compounds tested had antifungal activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.5 mg/mL, at least, 50% of biofilm inhibition in the 0.5 mg/mL concentration, an inhibition of polymorphism to 86% and the changes in the cell envelope of yeast (SEM) and cell viability above 50% among the Candida strains tested. Therefore, the compounds exhibit promising antifungal properties and provide a reasonable therapeutic window to be used in association with other traditional antimitotic.
Medicinal plants have long been used as an alternative in the treatment of diseases, whether using extracts, essential oils and / or bioactive components. Thus, the use of medicinal plants, with popularly known effects for the treatment of infections, has gained prominence, in research related to extracts and essential oils of medicinal plants, in an attempt to discover and future application of new molecules with antimicrobial and / or effect coadjuvant molecules to antimicrobials on the market. Studies with species of Melaleuca spp., Demonstrate wide application of its essential oil, without treating skin infections, microbial infections, herpes, diseases associated with pathogenic microorganisms of the oral cavity. The emerging microbial resistance to the drugs currently available on the market, has been affected by both researchers and the general population, so that the research experimented with was conducted revealing a high synergistic potential between drugs and natural drugs, present in drugs. In view of the above, this study aimed to present, through a bibliographic survey, a use of medicinal plants in the face of microbial resistance, as well as medicinal therapy based on the use of essential oils from alternative tea tree, leucadendron tea tree and quinquenervia tea tree, already inclusion in the literature.
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