Hybrid powertrains that combine electric machines and internal-combustion engines offer substantial opportunities to increase the energy efficiency and minimize the exhaust emissions of vehicles and nonroad working machines. Due to the wide range of applications of such powertrains, simulation tools are used to evaluate and compare the energy efficiency of hybrid powertrains for application-specific working cycles in virtual environments. Therefore, the accurate modeling of the powertrain components of a hybrid system is important. This paper presents an agile calculation tool that can generate realistic fuel consumption data of a scalable diesel engine. This method utilizes a simple efficiency model of the combustion and crank train friction model to generate the fuel consumption map in the operating area of a typical diesel engine. The model parameters are calibrated to produce accurate fuel consumption data in the initial phase of system-level simulations. The proposed method is also validated by using three real engine datasets, and the comparison of results is presented.
Electrification of non-road mobile machinery holds immense potential for reducing the high emissions and fuel consumption of such industrial machinery. Detailed real-time physics-based simulation models capable of comparing energy efficiencies of hybrid powertrains in realistic working conditions can aid the development of efficient mobile machinery. In this study, four system-level hybrid electric powertrain models have been developed and coupled with a detailed multibody dynamics-based tractor model in a co-simulation environment. The four models, differentiated by their topology and transmission design, are simulated in a virtual environment under the dynamic load conditions of a ploughing work cycle of the Deutsche Landwirtschafts-Gesellschaft powermix. The simulation results show that improvements of 9.7% and 9.2% in total energy consumption can be achieved by the two studied power-split configurations in the simulated work cycle compared to an automated manual transmission-based series powertrain. The double planetary gear-based power-split model achieved the highest energy recovery and lowest energy loss compared to the other models. The developed models are real-time capable, allowing a human operator to simulate customizable work cycles.
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