No abstract

The article aims to analyse gender segregation in the labour market while comparing two national contexts in Europe and Latin America. Specifically, it will consider the growth trends of female employment in the last 25 years (1992–2017), its distribution between activity sectors and occupations, and the gender pay gap. Feminization models and gender inequalities are framed within labour market segmentation theories, which are in partial contrast to human capital theories and neoclassical economics. The initial hypothesis is that the gender distribution of occupations measured by a segregation index is similar in Italy and Chile, despite significant differences in the socio-economic and institutional contexts. Through this intercontinental comparison, the article intends to shed light on women’s labour market conditions and segregation patterns, which are multidimensional and generalizable (transcontinental) phenomena, connected to the unequal division of labour in the new post-industrial order.

Chile has experienced significant improvements in its economy; thus, a secular trend in height has been observed in its population. Gender equality has also improved hand in hand with active policies addressing the gender gap in several dimensions (work, education, health) and overall economic improvement. This study examined changes in sexual height dimorphism in four samples of Chilean male and female working-age subjects and attempted to establish associations with gender equality and welfare. Sexual height dimorphism was calculated and compared with gender equality and overall welfare indicators between 1955 and 1995. Sexual height dimorphism reduction was seen to be strongly associated with greater gender equality and some general welfare indicators, such as the infant mortality rate. Gross domestic product per capita was not associated with sexual height dimorphism, but it showed significant associations with gender equality indicators. Overall, the gender gap has been reduced in Chile, which can be observed through improvements in gender equality indicators and a reduction in height dimorphism, mainly in areas associated with women’s health. However, gender equality is still far behind in terms of female labour participation and women in political power, which require attention and further improvements.

Progression of Microbial EOR (MEOR) technology from the laboratory towards field trial is described. An overview is provided of evaluation steps and field trial risk management through laboratory testing and numerical simulation, together with assessment of operational factors which could impact a long-duration field trial. Previously MEOR has often been applied in onshore operations which carry relatively low risk. Where MEOR is to be applied in high value wells or higher risk environments such as the arctic or offshore deepwater, a higher degree of assurance is necessary to mitigate technical risks and maximise economic value. It is also essential to have sufficient understanding of base performance to ensure appropriate application and interpretation of the EOR process. To ensure success of an MEOR process, there needs to be a sufficient understanding of the performance of the microbes and the relevant MEOR mechanisms operating in the specific reservoirs. Multiple processes have been characterised and represented to enable improved understanding of a microbial technology and its potential field implementation. This paper will focus on screening of candidate reservoirs, and the methodology adopted to upscale core-scale results to prediction of performance in the field. This will include the choice of simulation models used for mechanistic understanding at the core scale and prediction of performance at the reservoir scale. It will also discuss some of the field operational aspects which need to be considered for well selection for field trial, including injectivity and surveillance requirements. Potential constraints on application of MEOR in the field have been identified, assessed and mitigated where possible in order to maximise chances of success. MEOR technologies are often poorly understood, which creates uncertainty and apprehension around their use. The approach described here has been used to reduce uncertainty in progressing towards field application of a novel MEOR technology.

This article describes and analyzes the labor process of Rappi, one of the main ordering and delivery platforms (odp) in Latin America. An exploratory qualitative case study was carried out and the results are based on the content analysis of 20 semi-structured interviews to platform workers as well as ethnographic work done in 2019–2020 in Santiago de Chile. This article contributes to, first, describe and analyze labor processes organized by an odp whose property and operation is managed in the Global South; second, it enables to explore the role played by Rappi within the Chilean retail production network; third, it connects diverse labor processes organized by odp s further on the ‘pick-up and deliver’ orders task; finally, it analyzes different control mechanisms executed by Rappi beyond algorithmic control, together with individual and collective resistance practices adopted by shoppers and riders.