Objective: This study is conducted, to know the chemical composition at different periods of the dry season, of four major fodder shrubs (Albizia lebbeck, Leucaena leucocephala, Morinda lucida and Senna siamea), used to supplement poor fodders in animal feed, in the conditions of southeast Gabon. Methodology and results:The leaves of each species were harvested at the beginning, at mid-season and at the end of dry season. They were dried and crushed to determine their chemical composition. The results showed that, with A. lebbeck, the levels of DM obtained at mid-season and the end that one, were higher (P<0.05) than at the first harvest. The levels of DM and CP obtained at mid-season and the end of dry season, with L. leucocephala were higher (p<0.05) than those observed at beginning. Variations of DM and CP levels of M. lucida leaves and DM content of S. siamea leaves were not significant (p>0.05). In addition, catechic tannins were not found in the leaves of S. siamea. However, the variations of this tannins type, observed in the leaves of L. leucocephala, M. lucida and A. lebbeck were not significant (p>0.05). On the other hand, the contents of gallic tannins measured in the leaves of S. siamea decreased at the end of the dry season (p<0.05). Conclusion:Finally, it appears that these species showed few variations in protein, cellulose and tannins throughout the dry season. Taking into account the results obtained, the shrub species studied could constitute good forage in supplementation of poor grass in the dry season. However, L. leucocephala and S. siamea should be used with much moderation for the feeding of ruminants, given the presence of gallic tannins in their leaves. Nevertheless, it would be important to study the digestibility of these forages in the dry season.
Biologists usually rely on modelling tools as well as simulation to try to understand the behaviour of biological phenomena theories. In this research study, we focus on the development and study of mathematical models from environmental problems about genotypes of Phaseolus coccineus L. (NI16 and NI1108) and Phaseolus vulgaris L. (NI637 and X707). Interspecific crosses and histological sections were performed; thereafter, samples were fixed, followed by rinsing and dehydrating in an increasing gradient of ethyl alcohol. After staining procedure, microscope slides of blades were coated with one to three drops of mounting medium DPX (BDH360294H). Analysis of variance (ANOVA I) was conducted, followed by Tukey's test at a significance level of 95%. All statistical analyses were performed using the software MINITAB Release 14. Results reveal divergence of growth rates and thus embryo development between the two species (P. coccineus and P. vulgaris) and between parental and embryos hybrid [P. vulgaris (♀) × P. coccineus]. In this model, a common law of evolution for the different types of embryos was established; it describes the interactions between the length of the embryo, the number of days after pollination and stage of embryo development. Thus, the individualized modeling growth in length of inbred and hybrid embryos margin fluctuations and extrinsic individual responses must be attributed to the plant, which better reflect the embryo development.
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