This study assessed the comparative efficacy of individualized covert modeling combined with study skills training, self-control desensitization combined with study skills training, and study skills training alone as treatments for test anxiety. Forty-eight test-anxious students were randomly assigned to one of the three treatment conditions or to a waiting-list control group. All treatment groups met for eight 1-hour sessions. The assessment of test anxiety was made on the basis of self-report measures administered prior to treatment and at the completion of treatment. Academic performance was measured by grade point average. At posttest, all treatment groups were significantly better than waitinglist controls on one or more of the dependent measures employed. Individualized covert modeling and self-control desensitization both substantially reduced self-reported test anxiety. However, the individualized covert modeling group was the only treatment group that showed significant improvement in academic performance. A replication of the individualized covert modeling procedure produced similar positive results.
A retrospective review of six patients with paradoxical diplopia in the presence of esotropia was carried out. All patients were treated with botulinum toxin to the lateral rectus of the affected side. Five patients had no diplopia post toxin and the remaining patient had diplopia which could be ignored. The number of injections per patient ranged between 3 and 34. Three patients went on to have surgery to increase the angle of esotropia, with relief of diplopia. We conclude that botulinum toxin has a role in the treatment of esotropic patients with paradoxical diplopia.
The WorldSpace satellite DAB system will provide by 1998‐1999 dozens of high quality radio channels accessible to a potential audience of 4 billion people world‐wide who currently receive with various kinds of difficulty and limitations terrestrial radio programming. The system will consist of geostationary satellites, low cost radio receivers called StarMan™, and the associated ground control networks. The system will use state‐of‐the‐art digital audio coding techniques and, on board the satellite, baseband processing technology. This paper presents the overall description, performance and industrial organiazation of the system.
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