Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM-2)is rapidly emerging as a key regulator of the innate immune response via its regulation of macrophage inflammatory responses. Here we demonstrate that proximal TREM-2 signaling parallels other DAP12-based receptor systems in its use of Syk and Src-family kinases. However, we find that the linker for activation of T cells (LAT) is severely reduced as monocytes differentiate into macrophages and that TREM-2 exclusively uses the linker for activation of B cells (LAB encoded by the gene Lat2 ؊/؊ ) to mediate downstream signaling. LAB is required for TREM-2-mediated activation of Erk1/2 and dampens proximal TREM-2 signals through a novel LAT-independent mechanism resulting in macrophages with proinflammatory properties. Thus, Lat2 ؊/؊ macrophages have increased TREM-2-induced proximal phosphorylation, and lipopolysaccharide stimulation of these cells leads to increased interleukin-10 (IL-10) and decreased IL-12p40 production relative to wild type cells. Together these data identify LAB as a critical, LAT-independent regulator of TREM-2 signaling and macrophage development capable of controlling subsequent inflammatory responses. The triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)2 are a family of single immunoglobulin-like domain containing receptors expressed on a variety of innate immune cells of the myeloid lineage (1). In the mouse the TREM family genes form a loose cluster on chromosome 17 and include Trem-1, -2, -3, and -4 (pDC-TREM), an uncharacterized TREM, and TREM-like transcript (Treml-1 and -2). The human gene cluster includes Trem-1 and -2, and Treml1, -2, and -3. Of these genes the receptors encoded by Trem-1 and -2 are the best characterized to date. TREM-1 is selectively expressed by neutrophils and monocytes and is a potent amplifier of pathogenesis associated with microbial sepsis (2, 3). TREM-1 ligation on neutrophils leads to secretion of IL-8 and myeloperoxidase, and co-engagement of TREM-1 during LPS stimulation of monocytes synergistically enhances production of TNF␣ and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Moreover, inhibition of TREM-1 with soluble receptor protein, small interfering RNA, or antagonistic peptides rescues mice from microbial sepsis and can lessen the severity of experimentally induced colitis (4). In contrast, TREM-2 is expressed on murine macrophages, microglia, and osteoclasts and has been reported to play a role in the maturation and survival of human dendritic cells by inducing up-regulation of the chemokine receptor CCR7 (5).Both TREM-1 and 2 associate with, and signal through DAP12, an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-containing transmembrane adapter protein originally identified as a 16-kDa tyrosine-phosphorylated protein in NK cells functionally complexed with the non-inhibitory killer Iglike receptors in humans and their murine counterparts within the Ly-49 gene family (6, 7). In addition to NK cells, DAP12 is expressed in a variety of other innate immune cells including granulocytes, ...
Fungal pathogens elicit cytokine responses downstream of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-coupled or hemiITAM-containing receptors and TLRs. The Linker for Activation of B cells/Non-T cell Activating Linker (LAB/NTAL) encoded by Lat2, is a known regulator of ITAM-coupled receptors and TLR-associated cytokine responses. Here we demonstrate that LAB is involved in anti-fungal immunity. We show that Lat2 −/− mice are more susceptible to C. albicans infection than wild type (WT) mice. Dendritic cells (DCs) express LAB and we show that it is basally phosphorylated by the growth factor M-CSF or following engagement of Dectin-2, but not Dectin-1. Our data revealed a unique mechanism whereby LAB controls basal and fungal/pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP)-induced nuclear β-catenin levels. This in turn is important for controlling fungal/PAMP-induced cytokine production in DCs. C. albicans- and LPS-induced IL-12 and IL-23 production was blunted in Lat2−/− DCs. Accordingly, Lat2−/− DCs directed reduced Th1 polarization in vitro and Lat2 −/− mice displayed reduced Natural Killer (NK) and T cell-mediated IFN-γ production in vivo/ex vivo. Thus our data define a novel link between LAB and β-catenin nuclear accumulation in DCs that facilitates IFN-γ responses during anti-fungal immunity. In addition, these findings are likely to be relevant to other infectious diseases that require IL-12 family cytokines and an IFN-γ response for pathogen clearance.
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