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International audienceThe objective of this study is to improve evaluations of the future use of biomass sources in Sweden and France by representing the high spatial variations of the supply and cost of biomass sources in energy system models. The proposed methodology considers a high spatial disaggregation of biomass supply sources, as well as detailed biomass cost-supply curves, and is thereby able to account for spatial differences in heterogeneous land qualities, management strategies, and possible adaptation rates. Integrating the methodology into national or regional energy system models will enhance cost-effective evaluations of biomass sources as well as the development of the bioenergy sector. A TIMES energy system model was used to evaluate bioenergy production potential for France and Sweden based on domestic biomass sources and under the assumption that bioenergy production should not be at the expense of domestic food and forestry supply. Results show that by 2050, the biomass sources considered could provide as much as 250PJ of bioenergy in Sweden, and 1470PJ of bioenergy in France. Results further showed that 1st generation biofuels are likely to continue to play a substantial role in the biofuel mix. While 2nd generation biofuel production in Sweden is likely to be low, larger amounts of 2nd generation biofuels could be produced in France. However, the amount and type of 2nd generation biofuel produced in France was found to be highly dependent on the bioenergy demand level

Many economists and psychologists have studied the impact of nudges on households' pro-environmental behaviors. Interestingly, "private nudges" can be imagined for companies. Yet, studies focusing on nudging employees' energy use are rare. The objective of our paper is to explore this issue with the help of a field experiment conducted at 47 French companies' sites. Using a difference-indifference methodology, the effects of three nudges on employees' energy conservation are tested. The first nudge, "moral appeal", stresses the responsible use of energy. The second one, "social comparison", informs employees on the energy consumption of other firms participating in the experiment. Finally, the third nudge, "stickers", alerts employees about good energy conservation practices. Our results stress the complementarity of these nudges. When implemented alone, the three nudges have no significant effects on energy consumption. However, when the moral appeal and social comparison nudges are combined with the stickers one, they become effective.

Reducing carbon emissions and electricity costs in industry is a major challenge to ensure competitiveness and compliance with new climate policies. Photovoltaic power offers a promising solution but also brings considerable uncertainties and risks that may endanger the continuity and quality of supply. From an operational point of view, large-scale integration of solar power could result in unmet demand, electrical instabilities and equipment damage. The performance and lifetime of conventional fossil equipment are likely to be altered by repeated transient operations, making it necessary to adopt specific modeling tools. Control strategies and sizing methodologies must be adapted to account for the strong reliability constraint while dealing with significant production uncertainties. In addition, conventional mitigation technologies, such as storage and load flexibility, have limited potential in these applications and may result in high investments or penalties if they are not properly assessed. This study provides an overview of these challenges by providing a transversal analysis of the scientific literature from fossil engine thermodynamics to control system theory applied to industrial systems. The main characteristics of reliability-constrained microgrids are identified and a conceptual definition is proposed by analyzing state-of-the art studies of various industrial applications and taking oil-and gas microgrids as an enlightening example. Then follows a review of the challenges of accounting for dynamical behavior of fossil equipment, PV and storage systems, ending with the identification of several research gaps. Finally, applicable control strategies and sizing techniques are presented.

Due to its high short-term variability, solar-photovoltaic power in isolated industrial grids faces a challenge of grid reliability. Storage systems can provide grid support but come at a high cost that requires carefully evaluating power capacity needs. Battery sizing methodologies are now the focus of many studies, with a global upward trend in detailed modelling and complex optimization. However, although solar variability can be the source of uncertainties and battery oversizing, it rarely features as an input in scenarios. This study proposes several solar variability scenarios thanks to the wavelet-variability model and two variability metrics. These scenarios are employed as inputs in two sizing methodologies to compare the resulting battery capacity and draw conclusions on the role of modelling complexity and scenario identification. Results show that neglecting the photovoltaic power plant smoothing effect leads to an overestimation of the battery power support of 51%. In the other hand, complex dynamic modelling may reduce the battery power capacity by 25%. The economic analysis shows that a proper combination of variability scenario and battery sizing methodology may reduce the levelized costs of electricity by 3%. Highlights• Modelling photovoltaic plant geographical smoothing avoids over-investments.• Identifying variability scenarios is crucial to ensure continuity of supply.• Combining ramp-detection and variability index spares the use of day-long timeseries.