Independent observer teams made concurrent counts of Irrawaddy dolphins Orcaella brevirostris and Ganges River dolphins Platanista gangetica gangetica in mangrove channels of the Sundarbans Delta in Bangladesh. These counts were corrected for 1 Current address: Wildlife Conservation Society, Asian Freshwater and Coastal Cetacean Program, 27/16 Soi Naya, Moo 1, Muang, Rawaii, Phuket 83130 Thailand. 527 528 MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, VOL. 22, NO. 3, 2006 missed groups using mark-recapture models. For Irrawaddy dolphins, a stratified Lincoln-Petersen model, which incorporated group size and sighting conditions as covariates, and a Huggins conditional likelihood model, which averaged models that individually incorporated group size, sighting conditions, and channel width as covariates, generated abundance estimates of 397 individuals (CV = 10.2%) and 451 individuals (CV = 9.6%), respectively. For Ganges River dolphins, a stratified Lincoln-Petersen model, which incorporated group size as a covariate, and a Huggins conditional likelihood model, which averaged the same models described above, generated abundance estimates of 196 individuals (CV = 12.7%) and 225 individuals (CV = 12.6%), respectively. Although the estimates for both models were relatively close, the analytical advantages of the Huggins models probably outweigh those of the Lincoln-Petersen models. However, the latter should be considered appropriate when simplicity is a priority. This study found that waterways of the Sundarbans support significant numbers of Irrawaddy and Ganges River dolphins, especially compared to other areas where the species have been surveyed.

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ABSTRACT1. Generalized additive models of sighting data for cetaceans collected during two surveys of waterways in the Sundarbans mangrove forest of Bangladesh indicated that Ganges River dolphin Platanista gangetica gangetica distribution was conditionally dependent (P50.05) on low salinity, high turbidity, and moderate depth during both low and high freshwater flow; and Irrawaddy dolphin Orcaella brevirostris distribution was conditionally dependent (P50.05) on low salinity during high freshwater flow, high and moderate depths during low and high freshwater flow, respectively; low and high-low extremes of turbidity during low and high freshwater flow, respectively; and high temperature and increasing numbers of large-small channel confluences during low freshwater flow.2. According to sighting data collected over a 3-year period by the captains of three nature tourism vessels, there were significant differences between the actual and expected frequencies of Ganges River dolphin sightings and individuals according to various channel types (chi-square=64.22, P50.0001 and chi-square=134.14, P50.0001, respectively, df=6) and of Irrawaddy dolphin sightings and individuals (chi-square=15.28, P=0.0182, and chi-square=29.42, P50.0001, respectively, df=6), with shared preferences for wide sinuous channels with at least two small confluences or one large confluence.3. The dependency exhibited by both species for environmental characteristics associated with abundant freshwater flow, including low salinity and the availability of confluences, make them particularly vulnerable to habitat loss due to upstream water abstraction and sea-level rise.4. Although the results of this study may not affect plans for construction in India of large-scale, inter-basin water transfer projects that will result in further declines in freshwater flows, or decisions within the international community about CO 2 emissions affecting global sea levels, they can be used to prioritize locations where protective measures could be employed to benefit the long-term conservation of both species.

Habitat fragmentation of freshwater ecosystems is increasing rapidly, however the understanding of extinction debt and species decline in riverine habitat fragments lags behind that in other ecosystems. The mighty rivers that drain the Himalaya - the Ganges, Brahmaputra, Indus, Mekong and Yangtze - are amongst the world’s most biodiverse freshwater ecosystems. Many hundreds of dams have been constructed, are under construction, or are planned on these rivers and large hydrological changes and losses of biodiversity have occurred and are expected to continue. This study examines the causes of range decline of the Indus dolphin, which inhabits one of the world’s most modified rivers, to demonstrate how we may expect other vertebrate populations to respond as planned dams and water developments come into operation. The historical range of the Indus dolphin has been fragmented into 17 river sections by diversion dams; dolphin sighting and interview surveys show that river dolphins have been extirpated from ten river sections, they persist in 6, and are of unknown status in one section. Seven potential factors influencing the temporal and spatial pattern of decline were considered in three regression model sets. Low dry-season river discharge, due to water abstraction at irrigation barrages, was the principal factor that explained the dolphin’s range decline, influencing 1) the spatial pattern of persistence, 2) the temporal pattern of subpopulation extirpation, and 3) the speed of extirpation after habitat fragmentation. Dolphins were more likely to persist in the core of the former range because water diversions are concentrated near the range periphery. Habitat fragmentation and degradation of the habitat were inextricably intertwined and in combination caused the catastrophic decline of the Indus dolphin.

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Despite their endangered status, the taxonomic relationship between the two geographically isolated South Asian river dolphin populations has never been comprehensively assessed and remains contentious. Here we present the first dedicated evaluation of the molecular phylogenetic relationship between the Indus (Platanista gangetica minor) and Ganges (Platanista gangetica gangetica) River dolphins using mitochondrial DNA from the control region and cytochrome b, extracted from museum specimens. The 458 bp partial control region sequences from 26 Indus River dolphin samples exhibited no variation. Only six haplotypes were identified in the 31 (18 Indus; 13 Ganges) complete (856 bp) control region sequences obtained, none were shared between subspecies, and there were five fixed differences between them. Similarly low genetic diversity was found in a 541 bp section of the cytochrome b gene (n = 29). The lack of shared haplotypes and fixed differences resulted in ΦST for the partial control region sequences of 0.932 (p < 0.0001) and FST of 0.843 (p < 0.0001), indicating the long-term absence of gene flow and clear genetic differentiation between the two geographically isolated populations. An externally calibrated molecular clock estimated that Indus and Ganges dolphins diverged around 550,000 years ago (95 % posterior probability 0.13-1.05 million years ago), possibly when dolphins from the Ganges dispersed into the Indus during drainage capture. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

1. Many species and populations of marine megafauna are undergoing substantial declines, while many are also very poorly understood. Even basic information on species presence is unknown for tens of thousands of kilometres of coastline, particularly in the developing world, which is a major hurdle to their conservation.2. Rapid ecological assessment is a valuable tool used to identify and prioritize areas for conservation; however, this approach has never been clearly applied to marine cetaceans. Here a rapid assessment protocol is outlined that will generate broad-scale, quantitative, baseline data on cetacean communities and potential threats, that can be conducted rapidly and costeffectively across whole countries, or regions.3. The rapid assessment was conducted in Tanzania, East Africa, and integrated collection of data on cetaceans from visual, acoustic, and interview surveys with existing information from multiple sources, to provide low resolution data on cetacean community relative abundance, diversity, and threats. Four principal threats were evaluated and compared spatially using a qualitative scale: cetacean mortality in fishing gear (particularly gillnets); cetacean hunting, consumption or use by humans; shipping related collision risk and noise disturbance; and dynamite fishing.4. Ninety-one groups of 11 species of marine mammal were detected during field surveys. Potentially the most important area for cetaceans was the Pemba Channel, a deep, high-current waterway between Pemba Island and mainland Africa, where by far the highest relative cetacean diversity and high relative abundance were recorded, but which is also subject to threats from fishing. 5. A rapid assessment approach can be applied in data deficient areas to quickly provide information on cetaceans that can be used by governments and managers for marine spatial planning, management of developments, and to target research activities into the most important locations.