Abstract.A monoclonal antibody (anti-ctsm-1) recognizing exclusively a-smooth muscle actin was selected and characterized after immunization of BALB/c mice with the NH2-terminal synthetic decapeptide of a-smooth muscle actin coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Anti-ctsm-1 helped in distinguishing smooth muscle cells from fibroblasts in mixed cultures such as rat dermal fibroblasts and chicken embryo fibroblasts. In the aortic media, it recognized a hitherto unknown population of cells negative for a-smooth muscle actin and for desmin. In 5-d-old rats, this population is about half of the medial cells and becomes only 8 + 5 % in 6-wk-old animals. In cultures of rat aortic media SMCs, there is a progressive increase of this cell population together with a progressive decrease in the number of a-smooth muscle actin-containing stress fibers per cell. Double immunofluorescent studies carried out with anti-ctsm-1 and anti-desmin antibodies in several organs revealed a heterogeneity of stromal cells. Desmin-negative, a-smooth muscle actin-positive cells were found in the rat intestinal muscularis mucosae and in the dermis around hair follicles. Moreover, desmin-positive, a-smooth muscle actin-negative cells were identified in the intestinal submucosa, rat testis interstitium, and uterine stroma, a-Smooth muscle actin was also found in myoepithelial cells of mammary and salivary glands, which are known to express cytokeratins. FinaUy, ~t-smooth muscle actin is present in stromal cells of mammary carcinomas, previously considered fibroblastic in nature. Thus, anti-asm-1 antibody appears to be a powerful probe in the study of smooth muscle differentiation in normal and pathological conditions. T HOUGH actin is one of the most conserved eukaryotic proteins, it is expressed in mammals and birds as six isoforms characterized by two-dimensional (2D)-PAGE and amino acid sequence analysis (14,49,56,57,59). Four of them represent differentiation markers of muscle tissues and two are found practically in all cells (56,57). Actin isoforms show >90% overall sequence homology, but only 50-60% homology in their 18 NH2-terminal residues (56, 57). The NH2-terminal region of actin appears to be a major antigenic region (2, 5, 34) and may be involved in the interaction of actin with other proteins such as myosin (31).Little is presently known about the function of actin isoforms. It has been shown that the relative proportions of actin isoforms are different in smooth muscles of different organs (12, 47; Skalli, O., J. Vandekerckhove, and G. Gabbiani, manuscript submitted for publication) and change within the same population of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) t during development (23, 24), pathological situations (11, 21), and different culture conditions (35,46,50). In noumuscle cells, a difference in the proportions of 13-and y-cytoplasmic actins has been reported between normal and tumoral T-lympho-1. Abbreviation used in this paper: SMC, smooth muscle cell. cytes (28). All these studies have been performed on cell populations by means ...

The distribution of smooth muscle (SM) and non muscle myosins was compared with that of alpha-SM actin in various normal and pathological tissues and in cultured cells by means of indirect immunofluorescence using a monoclonal antibody specific for alpha-SM actin [anti-alpha sm-1, Skalli et al., 1986b] and two polyclonal antibodies raised against bovine aortic myosin (ABAM) and human platelet myosin (AHPM), respectively. In normal tissues ABAM stained vascular and parenchymal smooth muscle cells (SMC), myoepithelial cells and myoid cells of the testis in a pattern similar to that reported by other authors with antisera raised against non vascular SM myosin. Cells stained with ABAM were always positive for anti-alpha sm-1. In human and experimental atheromatous plaques, most cells were positive for AHPM; a variable proportion was also stained for ABAM plus anti-alpha sm-1. Myofibroblasts from rat granulation tissue, Dupuytren's nodule and stroma from breast carcinoma were constantly positive for AHPM and negative for ABAM; however, myofibroblasts from Dupuytren's nodule and breast carcinoma were anti-alpha sm-1 positive. Early primary cultures of rat aortic SMC were positive for ABAM and anti-alpha sm-1 and became negative for ABAM and positive for AHPM after a few days in culture. They remained positive for AHPM and anti-alpha sm-1 after passages; the staining of AHPM and anti-alpha sm-1 appeared to be colocalized along the same stress fibers. These results may be relevant for the understanding of SMC function and adaptation, and show that in non malignant SMC proliferation, alpha-SM actin represents a more general marker of SM origin than SM myosin.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

Rhizopus arrhizus, a mold of the mucor family, excretes an active lipase when cultured properly. This lipase has a mol wt of 43,000 and a high carbohydrate content, Upon storage at 4C in aqueous solution, lipase I is slowly converted by proteolysis to a more cationic form, lipase II, which has a lower mol wt (32,000) and no carbohydrate.Rhizopus lipase shows the same positional specificity on long chain triglycerides as pancreatic lipase; it has no preferential side chain specificity against oleic vs. palmitic acid. Like pancreatic lipase,Rhizopus lipase acts on micelles of short chain triglycerides and is inhibited by high concentrations of bile acids; however, in the presence of deoxycholate,Rhizopus lipase does not require added Ca++ for full activity.

No abstract