In this study, combustion experiments were conducted by changing the fire source conditions and opening conditions for excess fuel gas using a large-scale fire compartment. It was found that the occurrence of external flames depends on the opening factor A √H , surface area of the wall AT, and heat release rate (HRR) QC inside the fire compartment. Moreover, the larger the value of A √H in the experiment, the greater is the temperature rise in the compartment. McCaffrey's proposed temperature prediction model for the upper layer of the fire compartment was also modified and validated.
The displacement of retaining walls is measured using inclinometers in order to evaluate the safety of the wall. However, inclinometers have three problems: they (1) are difficult to install, (2) have local displacement detection, and (3) are measured using manpower. Consequently, a two-dimensional (2D) LiDAR sensor-based retaining wall displacement measurement system that facilitates installation and three-dimensional (3D) displacement detection (more economically feasible than inclinometers) was developed in order to overcome the aforementioned limitations. The developed system collects 3D point cloud data about the retaining wall by rotating the 2D LiDAR sensor 360° at a constant speed. Laboratory experiments were performed using a simulated deformation model to evaluate the displacement measurement performance of the system, which had a root-mean-square error of 2.82 mm at approximately 20 m. The economic feasibility of the system was analyzed, which revealed that the system was economically feasible, with a benefit/cost ratio and breakeven point of 3.52 and 2.71 years, respectively.
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