DNA sequence data from a variety of mitochondrial and nuclear gene regions are significant components of phylogenetic research in entomology. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification primers for many gene regions have been developed that are specific to a range of dipteran groups. Here, we review the existing Diptera-specific PCR amplification primers that have been published for 11 mitochondrial and nuclear gene regions: 12S small ribosomal subunit, cytochrome b, cytochrome oxidase c subunit I, 28S ribosomal RNA, alanyl-tRNA synthetase, the carbamoyl phosphate synthase region of CAD, elongation factor-1α, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, triose phosphate isomerase, white, and wingless. We also have designed in total 94 new PCR amplification primers for use in these same gene regions. Our new primers have been developed and tested using our DNA sequence database of > 1,600 specimens representing 40 families of Diptera. All of the past and newly developed primer sequences are presented in tables, and their locations are shown on gene maps. This combined data will facilitate future molecular phylogenetic research within Diptera.

The systematics of Ocyptamus sensu lato has been reviewed, its species groups redefined, and some taxa resurrected. These and other related taxa are diagnosed to aid in distinguishing between them. The status of the following genera is revised: Calostigma Shannon stat. rev., Hermesomyia Vockeroth stat. rev., Hybobathus Enderlein stat. rev., Mimocalla Hull stat. rev., Orphnabaccha Hull stat. rev., Pipunculosyrphus Hull stat. rev., Pseudoscaeva Vockeroth stat. rev., and Styxia Hull stat. rev. New species of the Neotropical genus Ocyptamus are described from Costa Rica and Venezuela: Ocyptamus maximus Thompson sp. nov., Ocyptamus myiophagus Thompson sp. nov., and Ocyptamus megafemur Thompson sp. nov. In addition, an identification key for the genera and species groups of Ocyptamus sensu lato is provided, as well as a redescription of Syrphus sargoides Macquart.Lectotypes are designated for Doros disjuncta Sack, Baccha placiva Williston, Baccha pulla Sack, Ocyptamus funebris Macquart, Syrphus sargoides, and Syrphus immaculatus Macquart. Moreover, Syrphus immaculatus Macquart is considered to be a species of the genus Toxomerus, and new species synonyms are also given: Baccha atypica Curran is a junior synonym of Syrphus conjunctus Wiedemann; Baccha flata Hull and Doros disjuncta Sack are jun. syn. of Syrphus sargoides Macquart; Baccha bromleyi Curran is a jun. syn. of Ocyptamus funebris Macquart; Baccha sepia Hull, Baccha danaida Hull, Baccha violacea Hull, and Baccha ursula Hull are all synonyms of Ocyptamus pullus (Sack); Baccha nerissa Hull is a jun. syn. of Pelecinobaccha hiantha (Hull); and Baccha panamensis Curran is a jun. syn. of Pelecinobaccha transatlantica (Schiner).

16.9 km 2 is the main island (Lopes and Ulbrich, 2015), and the remaining area is distributed among 20 smaller islands, of which Rata Island is the largest with 0.8 km 2. The archipelago has suffered major ecological disturbances due to several human interventions. In 1737, fortifications were built, and the archipelago was transformed into a penal colony for almost 200 years. During this period, a large part of the native vegetation was devastated while exotic plants and animals were introduced to serve as food (Teixeira et al., 2003; Serafini et al., 2010). The human population in the archipelago increased significantly in 1942 through military occupation (i.e., World War II). Afterwards, significant changes were observed in the archipelago due to: • Several insecticide applications campaigns (i.e., DDT) for mosquito-control; • Wild animal introductions, such as the Teju lizard (Salvator merianae Duméril & Bibron) and the Mocó cavy (Kerodon rupestris Wied-Neuwied); • Release of birds seized in trade fairs and public markets of Recife (i.e., Saffron finch (Sicalis flaveola (Linnaeus)), House Sparrow (Passer domesticus (Linnaeus)), and the White-bellied seedeater (Sporophila leucoptera (Vieillot));

Recent phylogenetic analyses of Ocyptamus Macquart, 1834 (Diptera, Syrphidae) confirmed the paraphyly of this genus and provided evidence to divide it into several monophyletic subgroups, of which the largest is the clade traditionally treated as the Ocyptamus tristis species group. This group is here redefined, divided into the genera Pelecinobaccha Shannon, 1927 and Relictanum gen. nov., and revised along with the closely related and newly resurrected genus Atylobaccha Hull, 1949. Twenty-four new species (22 in Pelecinobaccha and two in Relictanum) are described and 35 species (27 in Pelecinobaccha, seven in Relictanum and Atylobaccha flukiella Curran, 1941) are redescribed. Pelecinobaccha is divided into four species groups (P. adspersa species group, P. brevipennis species group, P. peruviana species group and P. susio species group). An identification key, illustrations and distribution maps for all species from this study are also presented.

ABSTRACT. Abundance and species richness of Syrphidae (Diptera) in the interior and edges of forest in the State Park of Vila Velha, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil. To characterize the local insect fauna, samples were obtained weekly from September/1999 to August/2000 through Malaise traps installed at the edge and inside the forest. A temporal analysis of Syrphidae species collected approximately 17 years ago at the same local, inside the forest, was made. Also, the abundance and species richness between the areas were analyzed. The syrphids were more abundant at the edge of the forest than in the interior, and the number of species as well. Comparing the current data with the data obtained in 1986/ 1987, a decrease in the local abundance and species richness was registered. The most abundant species at the edge was Allograpta neotropica Curran, 1936, and inside the forest (1999/2000) was Ocyptamus sativus (Curran, 1941). The specimens of Toxomerus Macquart, 1855 were the most abundant in the trap located at the forest edge, and those of Ocyptamus Macquart, 1834 in the forest interior. Ninety-five species were identified in 22 genera. Ocyptamus was the genus with the highest species richness (23). In the sequence were Copestylum Macquart, 1846 (15), Toxomerus (15) and Microdon Meigen, 1803 (10). Seven species were common among the three samples: Allograpta neotropica, Copestylum selectum (Curran, 1939)

The large syrphid genus Ocyptamus Macquart has been subject to scrutiny in recent years, resulting in a more narrowly defined monophyletic Ocyptamus sensu stricto. Some of the species excluded from this narrower concept of the genus are in evolutionary lineages for which generic names are available, but other species are in lineages for which generic names do not exist. The current paper presents five new genera to correct this: Fragosa gen. nov. (former Ocyptamus stenogaster group), Hypocritanus gen. nov. (former Ocyptamus fascipennis group), Maiana gen. nov. (former Ocyptamus callidus group), Nuntianus gen. nov. (former Ocyptamus lepidus group) and Victoriana gen. nov. (former Ocyptamus melanorrhinus group). In addition to the new combinations related to these new genera, Argentinomyia aenea (Williston) comb. nov., Hybobathus pola (Curran) comb. nov., H. subchalybeus (Walker) comb. nov., H. wilhelmina (Doesburg) comb. nov., and Leucopodella nasuta (Williston) comb. nov. are moved out of Ocyptamus. Ocyptamus isthmus Thompson is a jun. syn. of Callostigma panamensis Curran stat. rev. Relevant morphological characters and their taxonomic and evolutionary implications are discussed.

The morphologically similar Hybobathus arx and Pelecinobaccha summa species groups are revised and distinguished from each other. Four new species are described (H. avittatus sp. nov., H. luciane sp. nov., P. alia sp. nov. and P. impostor sp. nov.), and three new combinations (H. obsoletus comb. nov., H. persimilis comb. nov., and P. cubensis comb. nov.) and several synonimies are proposed: Baccha bivittata Curran = H. arx (Fluke), B. myrtella Hull and B. nectarina Hull = H. obsoletus (Curran), B. druida Hull = H. phaeopterus (Schiner), B. pandora Hull = P. cubensis (Macquart), and B. susio Hull = P. summa (Fluke). The lectotype and paralectotypes of B. phaeoptera Schiner are also designated. The female genitalia are described for all species, and the puparium of H. luciane sp. nov. is described too. New prey records for H. luciane sp. nov. and H. phaeopterus are presented. Picture multi-optional keys were produced and links to these keys, as well as traditional dichotomous keys, are presented in this paper to identify the groups and their species.

Identification keys are essential to properly recognize taxa, and a photographic key not only addresses that issue but can also attract the interest of the general public if designed correctly. Syrphidae is one of the largest families of Diptera, and the Brazilian Amazon holds more taxon records from this family than currently reported. The aim of the current study was to provide an updated photographic identification key, of easy use and access, to the genera of Syrphidae (Diptera) from the Brazilian Amazon region, and identify previously unrecorded taxa. Through a literature review and study of collection material from several institutions, I found 36 new taxon records for the Brazilian Amazon (15 are first records for Brazil) and provided a list of references with identification keys to species from each genus. The online version of this manuscript has a photographic identification key, with diagnostic pages for each genus, as supplementary material. KEYWORDS: Flower fly; live pictures; Neotropical; online; taxonomy Chave de identificação para os gêneros de Syrphidae (Diptera) da Amazônia brasileira e novos registros RESUMOChaves de identificação são essenciais para reconhecer táxons, e uma chave pictórica atende a essa demanda e também desperta o interesse do público em geral, se for desenhada apropriadamente. Syrphidae é uma das maiores famílias de Diptera, e a Amazônia brasileira possui mais táxons dessa família do que registrado atualmente. O objetivo deste estudo foi prover uma chave de identificação pictórica atualizada, de fácil uso e acesso, para os gêneros de Syrphidae (Diptera) da Amazônia brasileira, e identificar táxons ainda não registrados. Através de uma revisão da literatura e estudo de material de diversas coleções, eu encontrei 36 novas ocorrências de táxons para a Amazônia brasileira (15 sendo primeiros registros para o Brasil) e disponibilizei uma lista de referências com chaves de identificação para as espécies de cada gênero. A versão online desse manuscrito possui uma chave de identificação pictórica como material suplementar.