Background The emergence of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) represents a challenge for the treatment of staphylococcal infections in both human and animals worldwide. Although VRSA has been detected in several animal species worldwide, data on the bacterial prevalence in dromedary camels and workers in camel slaughterhouses are scarce. Methods We investigated meat samples from 200 dromedary camel carcasses from three different abattoirs that were being prepared to be sent to the markets. Twenty hand swabs were voluntarily collected from the workers in the same abattoirs. Isolation and identification of the bacterial specimens from the samples were performed using conventional cultural techniques and biochemical identification and were confirmed by PCR amplification of the nuc gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility against nine antimicrobial agents commonly used in human and camels was tested using the disc diffusion method, and genetic analysis was performed by evaluating the mecA gene in phenotypically oxacillin (OXA)- and cefoxitin (FOX)-resistant isolates. The resistance of S. aureus to vancomycin (VAN) was tested by broth microdilution and confirmed by PCR targeting the vanA and vanB genes. The vanA and vanB genes were sequenced. Result S. aureus was detected in both camel meat (29/200, 14.5%) and in abattoir workers (11/20, 55%). Of the collected samples, 27% (8/29, camel) and 54% (6/11, human) were identified as VRSA. All VRSA isolates carried both the vanA and vanB genes. Additionally, all VRSA isolates were also classified as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The vanA amplicons of the isolates from human and camel meat were homologous and clustered with a Chinese reference isolate sequence. Conclusion This study demonstrated that VRSA is present in camel abattoirs in Egypt. Zoonotic transmission between animals and human is probable and reflects both a public health threat and a food safety concern.

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Evaluation the effect of using different microbial strains in the fermentation of Faba Bean on its nutritive value and consumer acceptance was performed. Fermentation of processed Faba Bean (autoclaved and non autoclaved) with lactobacillus acidophilus (LAB), Bacillus Subtilis (B.subtilis) and Saccharomyces cerevisiea (Yeast) were performed for 44 hrs after which analysis of chemical composition and anti-nutritional factors were performed to estimate the major differences before and after fermentation process. The result showed marked decrease in the pH of the fermented product accompanied by slight changes in the amino acids pattern. Marked reduction of antinutritional factors was obtained after fermentation especially in phytic acid. Estimation of True Digestibility (T.D), Biological Value (B.V) and Net Protein Utilization (N.P.U) were performed in a biology trial using Albino rats. Results revealed that, soaked and cooked Faba Bean fermented with B. Subtilis showed the greatest T.D, B.V and N.P.U. By applying panel test to estimate the palatability of the fermented Faba Bean, results showed that, there was no significant difference between all fermented products. MATERIALS AND METHODS  Dry Faba Bean (Vicia faba

A 12-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary probiotic, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus acidophilus at a concentration of (10 8 cfu/ml).Three isonitrogenous (300 g CP kg -1 dry matter, DM) and isocaloric (3500Kcal metabolizable energy kg -1 DM) diets were formulated and probiotics was supplemented in the experimental diets. Fingerlings averaging 2.80±0.05g were randomly distributed into 18 glass aquaria (160 liter) and each aquarium holding 15 fish and randomly assigned to one of six replicates of the diets and offered feed at a daily rate of 5% of the total fish biomass. After 12 weeks, fish fed the diets supplemented with the two probiotics showed significantly better final weight, body length, specific growth rate, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio than those fed the control diet. The highest red blood cells count (RBCs), Hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrite (Hct), and the lowest mortality rate were recorded for fish fed the diet supplemented with S. cerevisiae supplemented compared to the other two groups. Fish fed the diet supplemented with S. Cerevisiae followed by L. acidophilus recorded the lowest (P<0.001) serum transaminase enzymes (alanine transaminase, ALT and aspartate transaminase, AST). Fish fed S. cerevisiae and L. acidophilus supplemented diets showed the lowest significant (P<0.001) count of microbial content in surface and muscles of Nile tilapia.

In this experiment, fifty four, 6-week-old weaned New Zealand White rabbits were used to investigate the impact of dietary supplementation with nano-selenium or glutamine on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing rabbits fed diets containing two crude protein levels. A factorial experiment (2x3), being two levels of dietary crude protein (16 and 14 %) without or with organic nano-Se (0.1 mg/kg feed) and glutamine (10 g/kg feed) were performed. Rabbits were randomly distributed into 6 equal experimental groups; each contained three equal replications. Each replicate group was housed in a separate cage and fed their respective experimental diets from 6 to 15 weeks of age. Feed and water were offered ad libitum throughout the experimental period. Apart from the effect of feed supplements, rabbits fed the normal crude protein level (16%) achieved significantly better growth performance (final live body weight, daily weight gain, daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio) while carcass traits were not affected compared with those of rabbits fed the low crude protein level. But dietary supplements (nano-Se or glutamine) did not significantly affect criteria of growth performance or dressing-out percentage of rabbits. Dietary protein by added supplements interaction did not significantly affect traits, investigated in the present study, the whole experimental period. Based on the present results, it can concluded that the crude protein level (14%) is inadequate for attaining normal growth of post-weaning New Zealand White rabbits. However, dietary supplementation with nano-selenium or glutamine proved to be ineffective.

One hundred fifty Arbor Acers broiler chicks were distributed into five groups to study effects of using sodium formate, formic acid, Lactobacillus acidophilus and beta mannanase enzyme, in broiler feeds, on production performance, carcass traits, blood parameters, tibia properties and economic efficiency. Each group of birds, was divided into three replicates of ten chicks. The control group was fed basal (starter, grower and finisher) with no additives (T1), while other groups were offered basal diets supplemented with 2g sodium formate/kg (T2); 2 ml formic acid / kg (T3); 1g Lactobacillus acidophilus/ kg (T4) and 0.3 g beta mannanase/ kg (T5), respectively. The results indicated that all production performance parameters: initial and final body weight, daily body weight gain, daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio, were not significantly affected by treatments throughout experimental period. Also, data of carcass, indicated that treatments had no significant effects compared with control group. Plasma total protein, uric acid, calcium, phosphorus and activity of alkaline phosphatase, were significantly different within groups. Tibia bone parameters: breaking force, density, robusticity index, Seedor index, were not significantly affected by treatments. Economical evaluation showed that, relative economic efficiency, was improved with chicks fed (T2) or (T3) diets, while those fed (T4) or (T5) diets, recorded lower values. It could be concluded that, supplementation of basal diets with sodium formate or formic acid enhanced economic efficiency of broiler chickens, without affecting performance or carcass traits.

Bacteriological quality of 160 raw cow's milk collected from 6 different governorates in Egypt was evaluated. Milk samples were obtained from retail markets in winter and summer seasons. Total Bacterial Count, Total Coliform Count, Faecal Coliform Count and Staphylococcus aureus count were estimated in the examined samples.100% of the examined samples failed the legal standards for Total Bacterial count, Total Coliform Count and Staphylococcus aureus count which are 10 4 , 10 2 and 10 2 cfu/ml respectively. Bacillus cereus, Salmonella sp., E.coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes could be detected in the examined samples with ratios: 26.25%, 0%, 5% and 5% in winter season samples and 32.50%, 3.75%, 6.25% and 6.25% in summer season samples respectively. The findings of this study raised the need for educational programs for dairy producers and consumers about the risk associated with the consumption of raw milk.

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