Summary The phenotype of milk-derived and peripheral blood lymphoeytes from normal and coeliac subjects was assessed for CD3. aP-TcR (T cell receptor). yS-TcR. CD4. CD8. HML-I (human mucosal lymphocyte) determinants, and activation was measured by interleukin-2 receptor {1L-2R) expression. Milk cells from normal and coeliac subjects were analysed by manual immunofluoreseence and milk and blood cells from normal subjects were analysed by flow cytometry. Milk eells from two eoeliac subjects were tested for proliferation to gluten antigen. The CD4:CD8 ratio of milk lymphoeytes from both normal and eoeliac subjects was similar (0.78-1.1). but lower than that present in blood (1.5-2.1). The IL-2R expression of milk lymphocytes from both coeliac and normal subjeets was increased by 3-6 times eompared with peripheral blood eells. For example. IL-2R was present on 27.3% of milk CD3+ lymphocytes and on 8.0% of blood CD3+ lymphocytes from normal subjects. Y5-and HML-I+ T cells were inereased 4.2-fold and 12-fold respeetively compared with blood lymphocytes. Milk cells from coeliac subjects showed specific proliferation to gluten but not to soya bean antigen. We conclude that milk cells have a 'mucosal" phenotype. with increased Y5-TCR. CD8+ and HML-I+ T cells, and have an inereased proportion of aetivated eells. Milk eells from coeliae subjects have no 'toxic' phenotype. but show functional reactivity by speeific proliferation to gluten antigen.
The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) is defined from 0.65 K upwards to the highest temperature measurable by spectral radiation thermometry, the radiation thermometry being based on the Planck radiation law. When it was developed, the ITS-90 represented thermodynamic temperatures as closely as possible. Part I of this paper describes the realization of contact thermometry up to 1234.93 K, the temperature range in which the ITS-90 is defined in terms of calibration of thermometers at 15 fixed points and vapor pressure/temperature relations which are phase equilibrium states of pure substances. The realization is accomplished by using fixed-point devices, containing samples of the highest available purity, and suitable temperature-controlled environments. All components are constructed to achieve the defining equilibrium states of the samples for the calibration of thermometers. The high quality of the temperature realization and measurements is well documented. Various research efforts are described, including research to improve the uncertainty in thermodynamic temperatures by measuring the velocity of sound in gas up to 800 K, research in applying noise thermometry techniques, and research on thermocouples. Thermometer calibration services and high-purity samples and devices suitable for “on-site” thermometer calibration that are available to the thermometry community are described. Part II of the paper describes the realization of temperature above 1234.93 K for which the ITS-90 is defined in terms of the calibration of spectroradiometers using reference blackbody sources that are at the temperature of the equilibrium liquid-solid phase transition of pure silver, gold, or copper. The realization of temperature from absolute spectral or total radiometry over the temperature range from about 60 K to 3000 K is also described. The dissemination of the temperature scale using radiation thermometry from NIST to the customer is achieved by calibration of blackbody sources, tungsten-strip lamps, and pyrometers. As an example of the research efforts in absolute radiometry, which impacts the NIST spectral irradiance and radiance scales, results with filter radiometers and a high-temperature blackbody are summarized.
Summary Antigen specific B cells (ASC) that circulate af^er oral immunization with the typhoid vaccine Ty21a display cell surface determinants which are potentially involved in B cell differentiation and homing to mucosal sites. These ASC were isolated from peripheral blood after oral Ty21a, and dual labelled for binding of typhoid antigen and expression of various cell surface determinants: a^ integrin (CD49d), CD45RO, CD45RA, L-selectin, CD44 and CDl la. Of particular interest was the finding of CD45RO expression on ASC. A comparison of cell surface determinants on typhoid-specific cells was also made following binding to high endotheliai venules on peripheral and mesenteric lymph nodes, and venules in the lamina propria ofthe small intestine. Generally more typhoid ASC bound to mesenteric compared with peripheral lymph node. More ASC expressing CD45RO and a4 integrin (CD49d) were bound to mesenteric lymph node and small intestine than to peripheral lymph node. When expressed as a fraction of total ASC, the difference was statistically significant only for CD45RO binding to small intestine versus peripheral lymph node. No differences in expression of other homing markers on bound ASC were seen.
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