We introduce a new technique to bound the fluctuations exhibited by a physical system, based on the Euclidean geometry of the space of observables. Through a simple unifying argument, we derive a sweeping generalization of so-called Thermodynamic Uncertainty Relations (TURs). We not only strengthen the bounds but extend their realm of applicability and in many cases prove their optimality, without resorting to Large Deviation theory or information-theoretic techniques. In particular, we find the best TUR based on entropy production alone and also derive a novel bound for stationary Markov processes, which surpasses previous known bounds. Our results derive from the non-invariance of the system under a symmetry which can be other than time reversal and thus open a wide new spectrum of applications. PACS numbers: 05.70.Ln, 87.16.Yc At several levels of complexity, random processes are successfully employed to model natural phenomena, such as open quantum system [1], soft and active matter [2], biochemical reactions [3], and population ecology [4], just to name a few. In recent years, the understanding of their dynamical fluctuations has greatly advanced thanks to exact results of nonequilibrium physics. Most importantly, fluctuation theorems [5, 6] and response relations [7] have been derived that, respectively, constrain the distribution of currents and relate the system's perturbation to its dissipation and dynamical activity. Moreover, stochastic thermodynamics has emerged as a comprehensive framework to rigorously study the energetics and thermodynamics of stochastic processes [8,9].Recently, uncertainty relations appeared as a new powerful tool to investigate dynamical fluctuations. They denote a set of inequalities in which the square-mean-tovariance ratio, or precision p(f ), of a generic observable f integrated over a time interval t f is bounded by an f -independent functional p max :It was first conjectured in [10] that p for a time-integrated current-like (i.e. odd under time reversal) observable f is bounded by half the expected entropy σ produced over the interval t f , i.e. p max ≤ σ /2. This so-called thermodynamic uncertainty relation, originally proved in the linear response regime and under stationary conditions, triggered an intense activity seeking generalizations or improvements for the largest possible class of out-ofequilibrium conditions. Apart from its conceptual importance, i.e. the existence of an universal upper bound set by dissipation on the precision of any current, (1) has major practical consequences. Indeed, (1) allows one to bound functions of the system's dissipation which are not directly measurable, e.g. the thermodynamic efficiency of molecular motors [11], or to reveal the existence of hidden nonequilibrium states [12]. A first proof valid beyond the linear regime but restricted to large time intervals t f [15] was soon extended to arbitrary t f [21]. These, and related early results [13,14,17,18,20] were obtained within large deviation theory, by progressively refining the b...
We set up a rigorous thermodynamic description of reaction-diffusion systems driven out of equilibrium by time-dependent space-distributed chemostats. Building on the assumption of local equilibrium, nonequilibrium thermodynamic potentials are constructed exploiting the symmetries of the chemical network topology. It is shown that the canonical (resp. semigrand canonical) nonequilibrium free energy works as a Lyapunov function in the relaxation to equilibrium of a closed (resp. open) system, and its variation provides the minimum amount of work needed to manipulate the species concentrations. The theory is used to study analytically the Turing pattern formation in a prototypical reaction-diffusion system, the one-dimensional Brusselator model, and to classify it as a genuine thermodynamic nonequilibrium phase transition.
We derive generalized Langevin equations for the translational and rotational motion of a heated Brownian particle from the fluctuating hydrodynamics of its nonisothermal solvent. The temperature gradient around the particle couples to the hydrodynamic modes excited by the particle itself so that the resulting noise spectrum is governed by a frequency-dependent temperature. We show how the effective temperatures at which the particle coordinates and (angular) velocities appear to be thermalized emerge from this central quantity.
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